Exodus 16:1-36
1 And they took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came unto the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt.
2 And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness:
3 And the children of Israel said unto them, Would to God we had died by the hand of the LORD in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, and when we did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger.
4 Then said the LORD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or no.
5 And it shall come to pass, that on the sixth day they shall prepare that which they bring in; and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.
6 And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel, At even, then ye shall know that the LORD hath brought you out from the land of Egypt:
7 And in the morning, then ye shall see the glory of the LORD; for that he heareth your murmurings against the LORD: and what are we, that ye murmur against us?
8 And Moses said, This shall be, when the LORD shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to the full; for that the LORD heareth your murmurings which ye murmur against him: and what are we? your murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD.
9 And Moses spake unto Aaron, Say unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, Come near before the LORD: for he hath heard your murmurings.
10 And it came to pass, as Aaron spake unto the whole congregation of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness, and, behold, the glory of the LORD appeared in the cloud.
11 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
12 I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel: speak unto them, saying, At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread; and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God.
13 And it came to pass, that at even the quails came up, and covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the host.
14 And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar frost on the ground.
15 And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat.
16 This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, Gather of it every man according to his eating, an omer for every man, according to the number of your persons; take ye every man for them which are in his tents.
17 And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less.
18 And when they did mete it with an omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they gathered every man according to his eating.
19 And Moses said, Let no man leave of it till the morning.
20 Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses was wroth with them.
21 And they gathered it every morning, every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted.
22 And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.
23 And he said unto them, This is that which the LORD hath said, To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the LORD: bake that which ye will bake to day, and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning.
24 And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade: and it did not stink, neither was there any worm therein.
25 And Moses said, Eat that to day; for to day is a sabbath unto the LORD: to day ye shall not find it in the field.
26 Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day, which is the sabbath, in it there shall be none.
27 And it came to pass, that there went out some of the people on the seventh day for to gather, and they found none.
28 And the LORD said unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my commandments and my laws?
29 See, for that the LORD hath given you the sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day.
30 So the people rested on the seventh day.
31 And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey.
32 And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commandeth, Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations; that they may see the bread wherewith I have fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt.
33 And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a pot, and put an omer full of manna therein, and lay it up before the LORD, to be kept for your generations.
34 As the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept.
35 And the children of Israel did eat manna forty years, until they came to a land inhabited; they did eat manna, until they came unto the borders of the land of Canaan.
36 Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah.
XVI. Manna and Quails (Exodus 16:1 P, Exodus 16:4 a(b) - Exodus 16:5 J, (Exodus 16:6 f., Exodus 16:8) Rp, Exodus 16:9 a (morning) P, Exodus 16:13 b - Exodus 16:15 J, Exodus 16:16 P, Exodus 16:19 f. Exodus 16:1 J, Exodus 16:22; Exodus 16:27; Exodus 16:31 b J, Exodus 16:31 a and Exodus 16:32 P, Exodus 16:33 f. P, Exodus 16:35 ac P, Exodus 16:35 b J, Exodus 16:36 Rp). Food and drink in the desert reassert their primitive primacy among the objects of human desire. For these travellers pray, and for lack of them will complain. Whatever stories were dropped from the cycles of tradition, those about manna and quails, wells and springs, will be plentiful. So between the water-tales of Marah in Exodus 15:23 and Massah and Meribah in Exodus 17:7 come memories of evening quails and morning manna in Exodus 16. The chapter is a crux for critics. Here only that analysis can be stated and assumed which rests on the latest surveys of the facts (cf. especially Driver, Baentsch, Gressmann). Dispute turns on the question whether J or E, and how much of either is present, and if more or less of P.
Exodus 16:1. Murmurs met by Promise. The framework is P, and the murmurs of the people are expressed with a vividness perhaps dependent on J (Exodus 16:3). The charms of Egypt have grown brighter since they were forgone. Moses shows no sympathy, and summons the congregation through Aaron before Yahweh, who is lenient to their complaint (the first in P), and promises quails and manna. The terms used imply that the sanctuary is already erected, and wilderness (Exodus 16:10) should probably be miqdâ sh (sanctuary) or mishkâ n (dwelling, tabernacle). This and other indications suggest that the whole of Exodus 16:16 has been misplaced, and should follow the departure from Sinai. In J, Moses would appear to have shared in the complaints, the reply only to which (Exodus 16:4 f.) we possess. Yahweh promises to rain bread from heaven. Note that Exodus 16:6 f. and Exodus 16:8 parallel one another, anticipate Exodus 16:12, and conflict with Exodus 16:10 (glory in varying sense), and so are best taken as variant glosses.
Exodus 16:13. Quails and Manna. In P both come together here. In J the quails follow much later (Numbers 11), when the people are tired of the manna, which is here described as a thin flake, thin like hoar-frost upon the ground (Exodus 16:14), white like coriander seed, and with a taste like honey-wafers (Exodus 16:31 b). The revulsion of sentiment in Numbers 11:4 J is natural, according to the French mot, Partridge again! and the Scotch servants-' request, Salmon not more than once a day! The best things pall with frequency. P describes how the supply of manna fitted the demand. Its corruption after one day (Exodus 16:19 f.) is hardly described by the writer who records without comment the perpetual preservation of the pot of manna (Exodus 16:33). Possibly it comes from J through Rp. J works up to a play upon the name, What-is-it (Exodus 16:15 a), linguistically doubtful, but satisfying for his circle. P merely records that the house of Israel (one of his terms) called the name thereof manna. No doubt a real experience of providential help underlies the accounts. Quails do, in migration, cover the ground, and are easily caught after flying far. And from the tamarisk tree there does fall a sugary whitish substance still called manna, eaten as a relish; it melts in the sun (Numbers 11:7 *). And if the scale and details of the mercy were varied in the often telling of it, that must not blunt the edge of the reminder that man's extremity is God's opportunity, and that human faith fails before the resources of Divine grace are spent (Deuteronomy 8:3; Deuteronomy 8:16 f., Judges 6:31 ff.), cf. Driver's note, CB, pp. 153f.
Exodus 16:22. Manna and the Sabbath. Recent scholarship has found here J's missing reference to the Sabbath. In Exodus 16:5 a double portion of the manna is to be prepared on Friday, and in Exodus 16:27 some search vainly on Saturday, and the Sabbath rule is explained by Moses in Exodus 16:29 f., Exodus 16:28 being a gloss by an editor who assumed the Sabbath law as known. Even in P, who told of the Sabbath at Creation (Genesis 2:1 ff.), the rule is introduced as a novelty (Exodus 16:22 ff.), perhaps by a supplementer after the section was placed here (cf. for the Sabbath Exodus 20:11 Rp, Exodus 31:12 H and P s). Such writers loved to base rules on incidents.
Exodus 16:31. The Memorial Pot of Manna. This paragraph implies the Ark and Dwelling, cf. Numbers 17:4. For Exodus 16:31 b J see above. The note (Exodus 16:35) on the persistent supply of manna is duplicated: one clause may come from J or Rje. It is odd that though the tenth part of an ephah (Exodus 16:36) is often mentioned, the term omer, perhaps obsolete, is preserved only by this chapter.