Final Rules of Humanity and Justice. Resident aliens are to be respected; fraud is to be banished. For the stranger, cf. Leviticus 17:8 f.*. Straightforward dealing is here placed in a position of special importance. It is uniformly emphasized by the prophets (Amos 5:24; Micah 6:8; Ezekiel 45:9 ff.). In early stages of society, untested and unstandardised weights and measures make dishonesty easy. The weights unearthed in the soil of Palestine (e.g. at Gezer) make no pretence to exactness. The isolated fragment in Numbers 15:37 * (provision of fringes on garments) seems to belong, in style and matter, to H, and would best be inserted after Leviticus 19:31.

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