1–7. Relation to civil authorities. There is no introduction or formula of connexion. This is still part of the new σωφροσύνη. It is to be observed that the reasons for civil obedience are fully and clearly given, even with repetitions, as though the matter required explicit treatment. Yet the occas... [ Continue Reading ]
Romans 13:1-10. The true relation to the civil power and the outside world.... [ Continue Reading ]
F. 12–15:13. THE POWER OF THE GOSPEL SEEN IN ITS EFFECT UPON BOTH THE COMMON AND THE INDIVIDUAL LIFE OF CHRISTIANS. In this section S. Paul deals with the consequences of the principles he has worked out as they affect the character and the conduct of the Christian life. The main principles are two:... [ Continue Reading ]
ΠΑ͂ΣΑ ΨΥΧῊ. Cf. Romans 2:9 (Revelation 16:3, of fish); Acts 2:43; Acts 3:23. L. & S. give |[258] from Greek class. poetry. Epictet. fr. 33 ψυχαὶ = slaves. [258] | parallel to ἘΞΟΥΣΊΑΙΣ, of persons holding civil authority Luke 12:11; Titus 3:1 only; cf. 1 Corinthians 15:24; Ephesians 1:21... [ Continue Reading ]
ἘΑΥΤΟΙ͂Σ. Emphatic: will bring judgment upon themselves. ΚΡΊΜΑ ΛΉΜΨΟΝΤΑΙ. Of the civil judgment involved by their acts; cf. Luke 23:40; Luke 24:20.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΓᾺΡ. The justice of the government is assumed: Song of Solomon 4 a. ΤΩ͂Ι�. Hort favours P. Young’s conj., ἀγαθοεργῷ; cf. 1 Timothy 6:18, ἀγαθοεργεῖν; tempting but hardly necessary. ΤῸ�. Cf. 1 Peter 2:15.... [ Continue Reading ]
ἜΚΔΙΚΟΣ ΕἸΣ ὈΡΓῊΝ. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 4:6 : for the execution of wrath; the wrath of offended authority.... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΝΆΓΚΗ. “The necessity is twofold, external on account of ‘the wrath’ which the magistrate executes, internal on account of conscience towards GOD.” Giff. ΔΙᾺ ΤῊΝ ΣΥΝΕΊΔΗΣΙΝ. Cf. Acts 23:1; Acts 24:16, ‘because of your own conscience’: because, as your paying tribute shows, you recognise them as au... [ Continue Reading ]
ΦΌΡΟΥΣ. Luke 20:22; Luke 23:2 only, direct taxes on persons, houses or land. ΤΈΛΟΣ of customs, taxes on trades. ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΟΊ, of public service or office; here as administering public functions committed to them by GOD: the connexion of the word with public service of religion is secondary. ΕἸΣ ΑΥ̓Τ... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΠΌΔΟΤΕ, pay as their due, οὐδὲ γὰρ χαρίζῃ τοῦτο ποιῶν· ὀφειλὴ γάρ ἐστι τὸ πρᾶγμα, Chrys.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΜΗΔΕΝῚ ΜΗΔῈΝ. The repetition of the negative gives a strong emphasis to the injunction. ὈΦΕΊΛΕΤΕ in pres. = remain under debt to no man in any matter, except in love. ΕἸ ΜῊ ΤῸ�. ἈΛΛῊΛΟΥΣ must be given as wide a reference as μηδενὶ; love is a permanent debt (pres. infin.) that can never be fully dis... [ Continue Reading ]
8–10. The question of duty to the civil power leads to a summary of the principle which underlies all duty towards man, found in the duty of love, τὴν μητέρα τῶν� Chrys.: still the exposition of the properly Christian character.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΤῸ ΓᾺΡ Κ.Τ.Λ., n. sing. = the injunction regarded as one, contained in the several ἐντολαί following. ΟΥ̓ ΜΟΙΧΕΎΣΕΙΣ Κ.Τ.Λ. The order differs from the Hebr. text in Exodus 20:13; Deuteronomy 5:17 : follows the B text of Deut. LXX[261], as also Luke 18:20; James 2:11; Philo _de decal_., Clem. Alex.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΚΑΚῸΝ ΟΥ̓Κ ἘΡΓΆΖΕΤΑΙ. The negative expression corresponds to the negative form of the precepts in Romans 13:9. Love cannot do any of these evils to the neighbour; therefore it fulfils law. Its positive effect in going beyond any possible extension of positive precepts is implied in Romans 13:8. Ἡ�... [ Continue Reading ]
ΚΑῚ ΤΟΥ͂ΤΟ, cf. 1 Corinthians 6:6; 1 Corinthians 6:8; Ephesians 2:8; cf. καὶ ταῦτα, Hebrews 11:12; resumes with emphasis the whole exhortation. ΕἸΔΌΤΕΣ. Cf. Luke 12:56; Mark 13:33 = realising the character of the present period and its demands upon you. ΤῸΝ ΚΑΙΡΌΝ. Cf. 1 Corinthians 7:29;... [ Continue Reading ]
11–14. The exhortations to the detailed development of the Christian character are enforced by the reminder that the times are critical, and demand effort; that the full ‘day’ of Christ’s coming is near: and the contrast between the life of the natural man and of the regenerate is drawn in a few bol... [ Continue Reading ]
Ἡ ΝῪΞ Κ.Τ.Λ. 1 Thessalonians 5:2-7; Revelation 21:25; Revelation 22:5. προεκ. ‘is far spent’ (advanced): A. and R.V., aor. marks the point reached. The night is almost gone, the signs of the coming day are already in the sky. ἈΠΟΘΏΜΕΘΑ ΟΥ̓͂Ν Κ.Τ.Λ. Here the contrast with the heathen life seems to co... [ Continue Reading ]
ὩΣ ἘΝ ἩΜΈΡΑΙ Κ.Τ.Λ. The conduct (περιπ.) must befit the day and its occupations.... [ Continue Reading ]
ἘΝΔΎΣΑΣΘΕ. Metaph. only in S. Paul (exc. Luke 24:49); cf. Galatians 3:27; Ephesians 4:24; Colossians 3:10, with 11 _ad fin._ The closest parallel in thought, though not in language, is _Eph. l.c_[263], as the reference is not primarily to baptism (as in Gal. _l.c_[264], Col. _l.c_[265]) but is the r... [ Continue Reading ]