Romans 16:1,2
Commendation of Phoebe (the bearer of the letter).... [ Continue Reading ]
Commendation of Phoebe (the bearer of the letter).... [ Continue Reading ]
ΣΥΝΊΣΤΗΜΙ ΔῈ Κ.Τ.Λ. This verse is in close connexion with the preceding section: he has explained his desire to visit them, the reasons for delay; instead of coming, he is writing and commends to them the bearer of the letter. ΣΥΝΊΣΤΗΜΙ. Cf. 2 Corinthians 3:1; cf. Milligan, _Greek Papyri_, 14. 5, a... [ Continue Reading ]
ΠΡΟΣΔΈΞΗΣΘΕ. Luke 15:2; Philippians 2:29. ἈΞΊΩΣ ΤΩ͂Ν ἉΓΊΩΝ. In a manner worthy of the saints—as saints should. ΠΑΡΑΣΤΗ͂ΤΕ, help; cf. 2 Timothy 4:17. ἘΝ ὯΙ ἊΝ Κ.Τ.Λ. This suggests that Phoebe was going to Rome on her own business, and that S. Paul used the opportunity of sending his letter. ΠΡΟΣΤΆ... [ Continue Reading ]
ΠΡΊΣΚΑΝ ΚΑῚ ἈΚΎΛΑΝ; cf. Acts 18:2; Acts 18:18; Acts 18:26; 1 Corinthians 16:19; 2 Timothy 4:19. We first hear of this pair at Corinth, where they were found by S. Paul on his first visit and that connexion was formed which lasted for the rest of his life. They had then lately come from Rome, and pre... [ Continue Reading ]
Greetings to Christians at Rome. 3–16. Greetings; see Lightfoot, _Phil._ pp. 171 ff. S. H. _ad loc_[317] [317] _ad loc._ ad locum... [ Continue Reading ]
ΟἽΤΙΝΕΣ. ‘For they,’ ‘seeing that they,’ a ground for this prominent greeting. ὙΠῈΡ ΤΗ͂Σ Ψ. Κ.Τ.Λ. We have no further information about this. It may have been either at Corinth or at Ephesus. ὙΠΈΘΗΚΑΝ. In this sense only here in N.T. = ‘they pledged’ risked, cf. Plat. _Protag._ 313 A (L. and S.);... [ Continue Reading ]
ΚΑῚ ΤῊΝ ΚΑΤ' ΟἾΚΟΝ Κ.Τ.Λ. Cf. 1 Corinthians 16:19. It is natural to suppose that as P. and A. had formed a centre at Ephesus they would also form one at Rome. This phrase suggests that S. Paul had heard from them since their arrival at Rome: and this to some extent supports the suggestion that they... [ Continue Reading ]
ΜΑΡΊΑΝ. As this name may be either Roman or Jewish, it tells us nothing. The _v.l._ Μαριάμ. would be decisive. ἭΤΙΣ … ΕἸΣ ὙΜΑ͂Σ. It may be questioned whether the reading ὑμᾶς is not too difficult to come under the _praestat ardua_ rule. The names before and after at least to Romans 16:9 inclusive a... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΝΔΡΌΝΙΚΟΝ. A Greek name, used, as so often, by a Jew. Zahn, p. 607 n. 56, remarks that Jewish names are rare in the Jewish inscriptions of Italy. This name occurs among members of the imperial household, S. H. ἸΟΥΝΊΑΝ. Probably for Junias = Junianus a man’s name, though not a common one. ΤΟῪΣ ΣΥΓ... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΜΠΛΙΑ͂ΤΟΝ. S. H. refer to inscriptions showing that this common slave name occurs among the imperial household: but in particular, to a chamber in the cemetery of Domitilla, one of the earliest of Christian catacombs, containing the name AMPLIATI, in bold letters of the end of the first or beginnin... [ Continue Reading ]
ΟΥ̓ΡΒΑΝῸΝ. “A common slave name, found among the members of the (imperial) household,” S. H. The name of course tells us nothing as to nationality. He may have been a Jew or a Greek. ΤῸΝ ΣΥΝΕΡΓῸΝ ἩΜΩ͂Ν. Prob., as S. H., a general description of working in the same cause as S. Paul and his companions... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΠΕΛΛΗ͂Ν. A name borne by Jews; cf. Hor. _Sat._ I v. 100, see Lft. ΤῸΝ ΔΌΚΙΜΟΝ ἘΝ ΧΡ. marks some special difficulty faithfully overcome; cf. 1 Corinthians 11:19; 2 Corinthians 10:18; 2 Timothy 2:15; James 1:12. ΤΟῪΣ ἘΚ ΤΩ͂Ν ἈΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΎΛΟΥ prob. = Aristobulus, brother of Herod Agrippa I., who lived a... [ Continue Reading ]
ἩΡΩΙΔΊΩΝΑ. Coming between the two groups of slaves, prob. belonged to the former: the name suggests a connexion with the Herod family. ΤΟῪΣ ἘΚ ΤΩ͂Ν ΝΑΡΚΊΣΣΟΥ. N. is reasonably identified with the freedman of that name, powerful under Claudius and put to death by Agrippina shortly after Nero’s acces... [ Continue Reading ]
ΤΡΎΦΑΙΝΟΝ ΚΑῚ ΤΡΥΦΩ͂ΣΑΝ, perh. sisters, and belonging to the last-named group. The names are found in household inscriptions: Tryphaena in one case with Tryphonilla, in another with Τρυφω[ν or σα]. Zahn, _Einl._ pp. 297–8. ΠΕΡΣΊΔΑ Κ.Τ.Λ. A slave name (not in the household inscriptions): the special... [ Continue Reading ]
ῬΟΥ͂ΦΟΝ Κ.Τ.Λ. The unique epithet (unless cf. 2 John 1:1; 2 John 1:13) suggests that there was some marked peculiarity attending his conversion, and the reference to his mother points to personal connection with S. Paul; perh. = Rufus of Mark 15:21 (Swete’s note).... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΣΎΝΚΡΙΤΟΝ. The two groups of five persons now following make it probable that we have here two more centres of Christian life in Rome, known to S. Paul by report, but not otherwise; there are no distinguishing epithets. The names are all slave names, many of them found among the imperial household.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΦΙΛΌΛΟΓΟΝ. The name may suggest the occupation, in the secretariat or the record department; cf. Lft, _op. cit_[326] p. 177 n. 1. [326] _op. cit._ opus citatum ἸΟΥΛΊΑΝ. Very common, and esp. in the imperial household. ΝΗΡΈΑ. Cf. S. H. on the association of this, name with the early history of the... [ Continue Reading ]
ἘΝ ΦΙΛ. ἉΓΊΩΙ. Cf. 1 Corinthians 16:20; 2 Corinthians 13:12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26; 1 Peter 5:14 (ἀγάπης): earliest reference to the ‘kiss of peace’ in the Christian service is in Just. Mart. _Apol._ I. 65. S. H. ΑἹ ἘΚΚΛΗΣΊΑΙ ΠΑ͂ΣΑΙ ΤΟΥ͂ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ͂. The Phrase is unique in N.T.: S. Paul speaks of αἱ ἐκ... [ Continue Reading ]
ἈΔΕΛΦΟΊ. Cf. Romans 12:1; Romans 15:14; Romans 15:30; Philippians 3:17. ΣΚΟΠΕΙ͂Ν. ‘Keep an eye upon’; cf. Galatians 6:1; Philippians 2:4; Philippians 3:17 (for imitation). ΤΟῪΣ ΤᾺΣ Δ. Κ.Τ.Λ. These persons are described in quite general terms: the warning is based on S. Paul’s own experience in Asia... [ Continue Reading ]
Warning against mischief-makers and disturbers of the peace. The grace. 17–20. A brief but pointed warning against teachers, who under fair seeming introduce divisions and offences. The fundamental strain in the Epistle, the assertion that in the Gospel all men are united to each other and to GOD i... [ Continue Reading ]
ΟἹ ΓᾺΡ Κ.Τ.Λ. The warning is against men who claimed to be true servants of Christ and were not; cf. 2 Corinthians 11:13 : therefore Judaising Christians, not necessarily themselves originally Jews. ΤΗ͂Ι ἙΑΥΤΩ͂Ν ΚΟΙΛΊΑΙ. Cf. John 7:38; Philippians 3:19 (metaph. only in N.T.) = selfish desires and o... [ Continue Reading ]
ΓᾺΡ justifies his appeal to them and what they had learnt. Ἡ—ὙΠΑΚΟῊ. Their response to the teaching—obedience; cf. 2 Corinthians 10:5; above Romans 6:17; 2 Thessalonians 1:8. ἈΦΊΚΕΤΟ (only here in N.T.); cf. 1 Thessalonians 1:8, _supra_ Romans 1:8. This would not be a natural form of expression, i... [ Continue Reading ]
Ὁ ΔῈ ΘΕῸΣ ΤΗ͂Σ ΕἸΡΉΝΗΣ. The GOD who gives us our peace which these men are breaking up; cf. Romans 15:33 and Romans 15:5 n. ΤῸΝ ΣΑΤΑΝΑ͂Ν. Cf. 2 Corinthians 2:5-11; 2 Corinthians 11:14. One special work of ‘the Satan’ is to set men at variance; cf. 1 Thessalonians 2:18 and cf. Genesis 3:15?. Ἡ ΧΆΡΙΣ... [ Continue Reading ]
ΤΙΜ. Ὁ ΣΥΝΕΡΓΌΣ ΜΟΥ. Cf. on 3. The last we have heard of Timothy is in 2 Corinthians 1:1. He probably accompanied S. Paul to Corinth; unless we detect him in 2 Corinthians 8:18. ΛΟΎΚΙΟΣ. Perh. = Acts 13:1, not = Luke (Lucanus, ΛΟΥΚΑ͂Σ). ἸΆΣΩΝ. Cf. Acts 17:5-7; Acts 17:9, the host of S. Paul at The... [ Continue Reading ]
Greetings from companions of the writer. 21–23. Greetings from companions.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΤΈΡΤΙΟΣ Ὁ ΓΡΆΨΑΣ Κ.Τ.Λ. On S. Paul’s use of an amanuensis cf. 1 Corinthians 16:21; Galatians 6:11; Colossians 4:18; 2 Thessalonians 3:17. S. H.... [ Continue Reading ]
ΓΑΙ͂ΟΣ Ὁ Ξ. ΜΟΥ. Perh. = 1 Corinthians 1:14 : for Ὅ. Τ. Ἐ. cf. Romans 16:4; prob. refers to hospitality exercised by Gaius in Corinth to all Christian travellers—not to his house being the place of assembly for Corinthian Christians. It is not probable that they had only one such place. ἜΡΑΣΤΟΣ. Cf... [ Continue Reading ]
ΤΩ͂Ι ΔῈ ΔΥΝΑΜΈΝΩΙ—ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ͂. Cf. Romans 1:16 τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, δύναμις γὰρ θεοῦ ἐστιν εἰς σωτηρίαν. ΣΤΗΡΊΞΑΙ. Cf. Romans 1:11-12, of GOD; 2 Thessalonians 2:17; 2 Thessalonians 3:3; 1 Peter 5:10 (a near |[336]). ὑμᾶς. The need for strengthening is indicated in Romans 1:11; Romans 16:17-20. “The pronouns... [ Continue Reading ]
Final ascription of praise to GOD through Jesus Christ, summing up the fundamental thought of the Epistle. 25–27. It appears from Romans 16:22 that the whole letter was written by Tertius from dictation up to this point. We may conclude that S. Paul wrote these last verses in his own hand, by way o... [ Continue Reading ]
ΦΑΝΕΡΩΘΈΝΤΟΣ. Cf. Romans 3:21 where exactly the same relation between the manifestation and the witness of prophets is expressed. The secret was manifested in the Person and history of Christ; He is the secret of GOD; cf. 1 Corinthians 1:24. ΝΥ͂Ν = ‘in our day’ as contrasted with the χρ. αἰ.; cf. 1... [ Continue Reading ]
ΜΌΝΩΙ. Cf. Romans 3:30 where the ‘singleness’ of GOD is the basis of the universality of the Gospel, as here. See note _ad loc_[340] For ΜΌΝΟΣ cf. John 5:44; John 17:3; 1 Timothy 1:17; 1 Timothy 6:15 (in a similar connexion); Jude 1:25. [340] _ad loc._ ad locum ΣΟΦΩ͂Ι. Cf. Romans 11:33 : specially... [ Continue Reading ]