Warning against mischief-makers and disturbers of the peace.

The grace.

17–20. A brief but pointed warning against teachers, who under fair seeming introduce divisions and offences. The fundamental strain in the Epistle, the assertion that in the Gospel all men are united to each other and to GOD in Christ, has been enforced by the long list of greetings, giving detailed and practical point to teaching and exhortation. It is natural that before ending S. Paul should give a clear and strong warning against those elements in the Christian society which tended to establish divisions and to create or continue practices which were the cause of offence. Philippians 3:18 f. is a close parallel, in the general character of the warning following upon the exposition of the teaching which the persons indicated endanger, and in the immediately added contrast with the true state of Christians.

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Old Testament