Daniel 3:5

cornet lit. horn: so Daniel 3:7; Daniel 3:10; Daniel 3:15; elsewhere in this sense only in the -ram's horn," Joshua 6:5. The usual Hebrew name for this (or some similar) instrument is shôphâr. The word used here (karnâ) is, however, common in the same sense in Syriac.

flute pipe, Aram. mashroḳîtha(from the root sheraḳ, to hiss, Heb. שׁרק, Isaiah 5:26), not the word usually rendered -flute," and found besides (in the O. T.) only in Daniel 3:7; Daniel 3:10; Daniel 3:15. It occurs, though very rarely (P.S [219] Col. 4339), in Syriac in the same sense.

[219].S. R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus.

harp or lyre, Aram. kitharos, i.e. the Greek κίθαρις : so Daniel 3:7; Daniel 3:10; Daniel 3:15.

sackbut trigon (Daniel 3:7; Daniel 3:10; Daniel 3:15), Aram. sabbeka, whence no doubt the Gk. σαμβύκη was derived, which was a small triangular instrument, of the nature of a harp, but possessing only four strings (see Athen. iv. P. 175, d, e, where it is said to be a Syrianinvention; xiv. p. 633 f.; and the other passages cited by Gesenius in his Thesaurus, p. 935). Sambucistriaeand psaltriae(see the next word) are mentioned by Livy (xxxix. 6) as a luxurious accompaniment at banquets, introduced into Rome from the East in 187 b.c. (The mediaeval -sackbut," Span. sacabuche, a sackbut, and also a tubeused as a pump: from sacar, to draw out, and bucha, a box, meaning properly a tube that can be drawn out at will, was something quite different, viz. "a bass trumpet with a slide like the modern trombone," Chappell, Music of the most Ancient Nations, i. 35, as quoted in Wright's Bible Word-Book, s.v.)

psaltery Aram. psanṭçrîn, i.e. ψαλτήριον : so Daniel 3:7; Daniel 3:10; Daniel 3:15. The Greek ψαλτήριον. and the Latin psalterium, was a stringed instrument, of triangular shape, like an inverted Δ : it differed from the cithara(as Augustine repeatedly states) in having the sounding-board abovethe strings, which were played with a plectrum and struck downwards [220]. The number of strings in the ancient psaltery appears to have varied. The -psaltery" is often mentioned in old English writers: in Chaucer it appears in the form -sawtrie," or -sauterie," as Manciple's Tale, 17,200, "Bothe harp and lute, gitern and sauterie"; and Shakespeare, for instance, speaks of "the trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries, and fifes" (Coriol.v. 4. 53). The name, in the form sanṭîr, passed also into Arabic; and the instrument, under this name, is mentioned in the Arabian Nights, and is in use also in modern Egypt [221].

[220] Isid. Etym. iii. 22. 7; Cassiod. Praef. in Psalm, c. iv; Augustine on Psalms 56 (iv. 539a b, ed. Bened.), and elsewhere (see the Index); also Vergil, Ciris177 -Non arguta sonant tenui psalteria chorda."

[221] Dozy, Supplément aux Dict. Arabes, i. 694; Lane, Modern Egyptians, ii. 70. The LXX used ψαλτήριον (sometimes) for the Heb. nçbeland kinnôr. Elsewhere in A.V. or R.V. where -psaltery" occurs (as Psalms 33:2), it always represents nçbel.

dulcimer bagpipe: Aram. sûmpônyâh, i.e. the Greek συμφωνία. Συμφωνία, which in Plato and Aristotle has the sense of harmonyor concord, came in later Greek to denote a bagpipe, an instrument consisting essentially of a combination of pipes, supplied with wind from a bladder blown by the mouth, and called -symphonia," on account of the combination of sounds produced by it, one pipe (called the -chaunter") producing the melody, and three others the fixed accompaniments, or -drones." It is remarkable that Polybius employs the same word of the music used, on festive occasions, by Antiochus Epiphanes [222]. Sûmpônyâhis found, in the same sense, in the Mishna [223]; and it passed likewise into Latin [224], and hence into several of the Romance languages, as Ital. zampogna; Old Fr. Chyfonie, Chiffonie(v. Ducange). In Syriac, it appears in the form צפוניא, which also denotes a kind of flute (Payne Smit [225] col. 3430). (The dulcimerwas an entirely different kind of instrument, consisting of a trapèze-shaped frame, with a number of strings stretched across it, which was laid horizontally on a table, and played by a small hammer, held in the hand, a rudimentary form of the modern pianoforte.)

[222] Polyb. xxvi. 10, as cited by Athen. Daniel 3:21, p. 193d e (and similarly x. 52, P. 439 a) Antiochus Epiphanes associated with very common boon companions ὅτε δὲ τῶν νεωτέρων αἴσθοιτό τινας συνευωχουμένους, οὐδεμίαν ἔμφασιν ποιήσας παρῆν ἐπικωμάζων μετὰ κεραμίου (or κερατίου) καὶ συμφωνίας, ὥστε τοὺς πολλοὺς διὰ τὸ παράδοξον ἀνισταμένους φεύγειν; and xxxi. 4 (Athen. x. 53, p. 439 d) καὶ τῆζ συμφωνίας προκαλουμένης ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀναπηδήσας ὠρχεῖτο καὶ προσέπαιζε τοῖς μίμοις ὦστε πάντας αἰσχύνεσθαι. (Κεράμιον is a jar[of wine?]; Diod. Sic. xxix. 32 has κερατίου, lit. a little horn[κέρας denoted the Phrygian flute. Συμφωνία means very probably not a band, but as in Dan., and in the passages cited in the next note but one a musical instrument.)

[223] Levy, NHWB.iii. 492 a (Kelimxi. 6, xvi. 8); cf. 513 a.

[224] As Pliny, H. N.viii. 64 (the αὐλὸς of Athen. xii. 19, p. 520 c), ix. 24; Prudentius, Symm. ii. 527 -signum symphonia belli Aegyptis dederat, clangebat buccina contra"; Fortunatus, Vit. Martin. iv. 48, -Donec plena suo cecinit symphonia flatu."

[225] yne Smith R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus.

worship lit. bow downto (Daniel 2:46). So regularly.