Ecclesiastes 1:3

What profit hath a man The question is, it is obvious, as in the analogous question of Matthew 16:26, the most emphatic form of a negation. For "all his labour which he taketh" read all his toil which he toileth, the Hebrew giving the emphasis of the combination of the verb with its cognate substantive. The Debater sums up his experience of life in this, "There is toil, and the toil is profitless." The word for "profit," not meeting us elsewhere in the Hebrew of the O. T., occurs ten times in Ecclesiastes. Its strict meaning is "that which remains," the surplus, if any, of the balance-sheet of life. It was, probably, one of the words which the commerce of the Jews, after the Captivity, had brought into common use. The question is in substance, almost in form, identical with that of our times "Is life worth living?"

under the sun The phrase thus used, occurring 29 times in Ecclesiastes, has nothing like it in the language of other books of the Old Testament. It is essentially Greek in character. Thus we have in Euripides, Hippol. 1220,

ὅσα τε γᾶ τρέφει

τὰν Ἅλιος αἰθομέναν δέρκεται

ἄνδρας τε.

"All creatures that the wide earth nourisheth

Which the sun looks on radiant, and mankind."

And Theognis, 168,

τὸ δʼ ἀτρεκές, ὄλβιος αὐδεὶς

ἀνθρώπων, ὁπόσους ἤελιος καθορᾷ.

"One thing is certain, none of all mankind,

On whom the sun looks down, gains happiness."

Our English "sublunary" may be noted as conveying an analogous idea.