This spirited Psalm of thanksgiving was evidently written while the impression of escape from some imminent danger which had threatened the community was still fresh. It is commonly supposed to be the thanksgiving of the returned exiles for deliverance from the Babylonian captivity. No less event, it is urged, could have evoked such strong emotion. But the language of the Psalm points rather to some sudden danger which had been providentially averted, than to a blow which had actually fallen. Israel's enemies had threatened them: and if Jehovah had not fought for them, Israel might easily have been annihilated. But He had not suffered the wild beast to seize its victim; He had broken the snare, and baulked the fowler of his prey. Such a danger menaced the restored community when Nehemiah was rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem. The contempt described in Psalms 123 was succeeded by hostility. "When Sanballat, and Tobiah, and the Arabians, and the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites, heard that the repairing of the walls of Jerusalem went forward, and that the breaches began to be stopped, then they were very wroth; and they conspired all of them together to come and fight against Jerusalem, and to cause confusion therein. But we made our prayer unto our God, and set a watch against them day and night, because of them." Sanballat and his allies, failing to take the Jews by surprise, apparently did not actually attack them. But for the moment the danger was serious; Nehemiah evidently felt that the community had had a narrow escape, and that if God Himself had not frustrated the plot, there would have been a fatal catastrophe. The Psalm then may best be regarded as a thanksgiving for the deliverance recorded in Nehemiah 4:7-23, the whole of which passage should be studied in connexion with it. Cp. also Nehemiah 6:16.
Psalms 124:1 are a double protasis, and Psalms 124:3 a triple apodosis: If Jehovah had not fought for us, we should have been annihilated. Psalms 124:6 are a thanksgiving for the deliverance, and a profession of trust.
As in Psalms 122, the Heb. text, with Cod. א of the LXX, and the Targ., reads of Davidin the title. The addition may have been suggested by phrases resembling those of Davidic Psalms, but the language points to a late date, and it can hardly be regarded even as an adaptation of an ancient poem.