Daniel 6:1-9

TEXT: Daniel 6:1-9

1

It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom a hundred and twenty satraps, who should be throughout the whole kingdom;

2

and over them three presidents, of whom Daniel was one; that these satraps might give account unto them, and that the king should have no damage.

3

Then this Daniel was distinguished above the presidents and the satraps, because an excellent spirit was in him; and the king thought to set him over the whole realm.

4

Then the presidents and the satraps sought to find occasion against Daniel as touching the kingdom; but they could find no occasion nor fault, forasmuch as he was faithful, neither was there any error or fault found in him.

5

Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God.

6

Then these presidents and satraps assembled together to the king, and said thus unto him, King Darius, live for ever.

7

All the presidents of the kingdom, the deputies and the satraps, the counsellors and the governors, have consulted together to establish a royal statute, and to make a strong interdict, that whosoever shall ask a petition of any god or man for thirty days, save of thee, O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions.

8

Now, O king, establish the interdict, and sign the writing, that it be not changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not.

9

Wherefore king Darius signed the writing and the interdict.

QUERIES

a.

Why should Daniel be appointed a president over the satraps?

b.

Why could they find no fault with Daniel's relationship to the kingdom?

c.

Why was the law of the Medes and Persians unalterable?

PARAPHRASE

Gubaru (Darius) divided the administration of the kingdom over which Cyrus had placed him among 120 governors. Over these lesser governors he appointed three presidents (Daniel was one of them) to whom they should be accountable in order that the finances of the kingdom might be managed profitably and efficiently. Daniel quickly proved more capable than all the other presidents and governors. He had great ability and the king began to think of placing him over the entire empire as his administrative officer. This made the other presidents and governors very jealous, and they began searching for some fault in the way Daniel was administering the affairs of his office for the king so -that they could accuse him to the king. But they could not find one mistake or fault. Daniel was faithful, honest, and absolutely accurate and efficient. After deliberating, their conclusion was that their only opportunity to bring him into disfavor with the king would be through his religion. They decided to go to the king and use him to trap Daniel. After all due ceremony of saluting the king with, O King Darius, may you live forever, the governors approached the king so eagerly they very nearly bordered on disrespectful behavior in his court. They said, We presidents, governors, counsellors, and deputies unanimously suggest that you should make a law, irrevocable under any circumstances, that for the next thirty days anyone who should pray to any god except yourself, Your Majesty, shall be thrown to the lions. Your Majesty, we suggest your signature on this law; sign it so that it cannot be cancelled or changed; it will be a law of the Medes and Persians that cannot be revoked. So King Darius signed the law.

COMMENT

Daniel 6:1-2. DARIUS. SET OVER THE KINGDOM A HUNDRED AND TWENTY SATRAPS. We have discussed the problem of identifying this Darius in the preceeding chapter. The Nabonidus Chronicle substantiates the fact that Gubaru (Darius) appointed governors in Babylon. These men were an expedient of the king to make the administering of the Persian system of taxes profitable. The king's treasury must suffer no losses. This was a definite characteristic of the Persian erathe hoarding of money (see our comments on chap. Daniel 2:39). Over these 120 administrators (satraps) the king appointed three top-echelon cabinet members (presidents) and Daniel was one of the three.

Through the courtesy of Dr. John C. Whitcomb and Eerdmans Publishing Co., we now insert a study of the Medes and Persians from Mr. Whitcomb's book, Darius The Mede, pages 68-74:

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE
MEDES AND PERSIANS
DOWN TO 520 B.C.

Around 1500 B.C. Aryan peoples first moved into that high plateau region to the east of the Tigris River and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and Caspian Sea which constitutes the northwestern part of a large country known since 1935 as Iran (from Airyana or land of the Aryans). The two principal Aryan tribes were the Medes and the Persians. The Medes lived to the east and south of Lake Urmia, and the Persians lived in Parsua, a region to the west of that large lake.
It is in 836 B.C. that we find the first mention of the Medes and Persians in Assyrian records. In that year, Shalmaneser III received tribute from the kings of Parsua and reached eastward to the lands of the Mada. Just one hundred years after this, Tiglathpileser III invaded Parsua and received tribute from Medina chiefs. Deioces was the first to unite the nomadic Median tribes into one nation; but he was taken captive by the Assyrians in 715 B.C. and was deported to Syria. His successor, Cyaxares I paid tribute to Sargon, king of Assyria, and attacked the Assyrian province of Harhar in 702 B.C.

About the year 700 B.C., Cimmerian and Scythian tribes began to move south into the Iranian plateau, pushing the Medes before them. Also, the Persians moved south from Parsua to a region south of the Elamite land of Anzan (or Anshan) and named it Parsumash in memory of their original home. At this time their leader was Achaemenes (700-675 B.C.), founder of the Achaemenian dynasty, who is noted for having led troops from Parsumash and Anzan against Sennacherib at Halulina in 681 B.C.

Phraortes, king of the Medes, began his twenty-two-year reign in 675 B.C. by forming an anti-Assyrian coalition of Medes and Cimmerians, and causing the Persians to become his vassal. But the Persians, under the leadership of Teispes (675-640 B.C.), son of Achaemenes, regained their independence from the Medes following the death of Phraortes in 653 B.C. The Persians were also able to conquer some territory to the east of Parsumash, which they named Parsa; and after the destruction of Elam by the Assyrians in 646 B.C., Teispes assumed the title, Great King, King of the City Anshan.

Cyaxares II (635-585 B.C.), the new Median king, remained under the power of the Scythians during the first twenty-eight years of his reign; but he finally threw off their yoke and succeeded again in dominating the Persians. In 615 B.C. he led the Medes in a mighty invasion of Assyria, and with the aid of Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, conquered Nineveh in 612 B.C. Two year later he delivered the final blow to the Assyrian army by defeating Ashuruballit at Harran. Absorbing all of northern Mesopotamia, he moved into Asia Minor, met the powerful Lydians, and was forced to establish a common frontier with them at the river Halys (May 28, 585 B.C.).

In the meantime, Teispes had divided his territory between his two sons, Ariyaramnes (640-615) and Cyrus I (640-600), the former taking the eastern region of Parsa and the latter ruling over Parsumash and the city of Anshan. However, both of these Persian Kings remained vassals of the Medes. The son and grandson of Ariyaramne, Arsames and Hystaspes, remained petty rulers; but the son of Cyrus I, Cambyses I (600-559), married Mandane the daughter of Astyages (585-550), successor to the throne of Media. Their son was Cyrus II, the Great. Amytis, another daughter of Astyages, became a wife of Nebuchadnezzar; and it was for her sake that he ordered the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon to be constructed. The Achaemenian dynasty down to the time of Cyrus II, the Great, may be represented by the following genealogical table (the earlier dates are approximate):

Cyrus II became king of Anshan about 559 B.C., and soon began an insurrection against the weak and corrupt Astyages, king of the Medes, with the help of Nabonidus, the new king of Babylonia. Astyages attempted to crush the revolt, but his general Harpagus, whom he had previously wronged, deserted the cause of Astyages, and brought his soldiers over to the side of young Cyrus. The Median king was soon seized by his men, and the Persians took the capital city of Ecbatana in 550 B.C. without a battle. From this time forward, the Medes and Persians fought and served together as one unit under the brilliant leadership of Cyrus.
After the conquest of Media, Cyrus moved swiftly to the west, absorbing all of the Median territories as far as the river Halys in Asia Minor. When Croesus, the fabulously wealthy king of Lydia, refused to recognize the sovereignty of Persia, Cyrus defeated him in battle and took over his empire (546 B.C.). Seven years later he was ready to launch the great assault against Babylon itself.
The Neo-Babylonian empire was in no condition to resist a Medo-Persian invasion in the year 539 B.C. During the preceding fourteen years Nabonidus, the Neo-Babylonian king, had not so much as visited Babylon, leaving the administration of that great city in the hands of his profligate son Belshazzar, whose name appears on the cuneiform tablets as the son of the king. Nabonidus weakened the empire by concentrating his favors upon the cult of the god Sin at the expense of Babylonian deities, thus incurring the wrath of the priesthood.
Realizing that danger was near, Nabonidus came to Babylon for the New Year's festival of April 4, 539 B.C., and began to bring the images of Babylonian divinities into the city from surrounding areas. But it was all to no avail. Toward the end of September, the armies of Cyrus under the command of Ugbaru, governor of Gutium, attacked Opis on the Tigris and defeated the Babylonians. On October 10 Sippar was taken without a battle and Nabonidus fled. Two days later Ugbaru's troops were able to get into Babylon while Belshazzar, completely oblivious of the doom that awaited him, was engaged in a riotous banquet within the impregnable-' -walls of the city. The fateful day was October 12; in that same night Belshazzar was slain. Not ling afterwards Nabonidus was taken captive.
Cyrus entered Babylon on October 29 and presented himself to the people as a gracious liberator and benefactor. He permitted the gods whom Nabonidus had brought into Babylon to be carried back to their respective cities, and pursued a benevolent policy toward various captive peoples who had suffered under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar and his successors. The Jews were favored with a special decree permitting them to return to Palestine and rebuild their ruined temple (Ezra I).
The same day that Cyrus came to Babylon, Gubaru, the new governor or satrap of Babylon and the Region beyond the River, began to appoint sub-governors to rule with him over the vast territories and populations of the Fertile Crescent. On November 6, Ugbaru, the conqueror of Babylon, died; and in March the mother of Belshazzar (Nitocris, wife of Nabonidus and daughter of Nebuchadnezzar) died in Babylon and was publically mourned for five days. Turning the administration of the huge satrapy of Babylonia over to Gubaru, Cyrus left for Ecbatana toward the end of his accession year.
In the meantime, Cambyses, son of Cyrus, lived in Sippar and represented his father at the New Year's festivals in Babylon as the King's son. He was also given the task of preparing for an expedition against Egypt. In 530 B.C., Cyrus appointed his son to be his successor and co-regent just before setting out upon a campaign to the far northeast in the Oxus and Jaxartes region; and at the New Year's festival of March 26, 530 B.C., Cambyses assumed the title King of Babylon for the first time, while Cyrus retained the broader title King of Lands. In the autumn of the same year news reached Babylonia that Cyrus had died on the field of battle. Cambyses was now the sole ruler of the great Persian Empire.

After securing his position on the throne, Cambyses began his conquest of Egypt. He defeated Psammetichus III at Pelusium in 525 B.C. and occupied the entire country. But news of troubles in the homeland disturbed him; and when, on his way home in Palestine, he heard that a pretender had taken the throne, he committed suicide. Fearing disloyalty, Cambyses had previously ordered his brother Smerdis (or Bardiya) to be killed; but now a man named Gaumata set himself up as the king of Persia, claiming to be Smerdis. The Pseudo-Smerdis, as he was later called, gained a huge following by remitting taxes for three years throughout the Empire.
This would have been the end of the Achaemenian dynasty had not Darius, son of Hystaspes and great-grandson of Ariyaramnes (brother of Cyrus I), retained the loyalty of the Persian army. Within the brief space of two months he succeeded in capturing and killing the Pseudo-Smerdis (522 B.C.), and during the next two years defeated nine kings in nineteen battles. His own account of these victories is recorded in the famous Behistun Inscription, carved on the face of a rock cliff three hundred feet above the level of the plain near the old road from Ecbatana to Babylon. Thus the second major phase of Achaemenian rule was launched, to end only with the conquests of Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.

DATED EVENTS IN THE YEAR OF BABYLON'S FALL

New Year's festival observed by the

Babylonians (4th of Nisan)

April 7, 539 B.C.

Opis attacked by Cyrus (Tishri),
Sippar captured by Cyrus

Sept.-Oct., 539 B.C.

(14th of Tishri)

Oct. 10, 539 B.C.

Babylon taken by Ugbaru

(16th of Tishri)

Oct. 12, 539 B.C.

First tablet dated in the reign of

Cyrus (Tishri)

Sept.-Oct., 539 B.C.

Babylon entered by Cyrus; and Gubaru, his governor, appoints governors in Babylon (3rd of Marchesvan)

Oct. 29, 539 B.C.

Next to last Nabonidus tablet

(10th Marchesvan)

Nov. 5, 539 B.C.

Death of Ugbaru

(11th of Marchesvan)

Nov. 6, 539 B.C.

Second Cyrus tablet

(24th of Marchesvan)

Nov. 19, 539 B.C.

Last Nabonidus tablet (Kislev),

Nov. Dec, 539 B.C.

Beginning of period of mourning for some prominent person, possibly Belshazzar's mother (28th of Adar)

Mar. 21, 538 B.C.

End of period of mourning

(3rd of Nisan)

Mar. 26, 538 B.C.

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, enters the Temple, apparently for some religious ceremony (4th of Nisan)

Mar. 27, 538 B.C.

NEO-BABYLONIAN AND PERSIAN KINGS

1.

Nabopolassar (Nabu-apal-usur) - founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. (626-605 B.C.)

2.

Nebuchadnezzar (Nabu-kudurri-user)his son and the greatest of the Neo-Babylonian kings. (605-562 B.C.)

3.

Evil-Merodach (Amel-Marduk)his son. (562-560 B.C.)

4.

Neriglissar (Nergal-shar-usur)a son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. (560-556 B.C.)

5.

Laborosoarchad (Labashi-marduk)his son (a few months in 556 B.C.)

6.

Nabonidus (Nabu-na-'id)probably the husband of Nitocris, a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and the father of Belshazzar, who shared the throne during the last years of his reign. (556-539 B.C.)

7.

Cyrus the Great (539-530 B.C.)

8.

Cambyses (530-522 B.C.)

9.

Gautama, or Smerdis, or Bardiya (a few months in 552 B.C.)

10. Darius I - Hystaspes (521-486 B.C.)

11.

Xerxes (586-465 B.C.)

12.

Artaxerxes I - Longimanus (464-423 B.C.)

13.

Darius II - Ochus (423-404 B.C.)

14.

Artaxerxes II - Memnon (404-359 B.C.)

15.

Artaxerxes III - Ochus (359-338 B.C.)

16.

Arses (338-335 B.C.)

17.

Darius III (335-331 B.C.)

Daniel 6:3-4. DANIEL WAS DISTINGUISHED ABOVE THE PRESIDENTS. THE PRESIDENTS. SOUGHT TO FIND OCCASION AGAINST DANIEL. Many commentators insist that the excellent spirit. in him was a direct, supernatural, extraordinary gift of God to Daniel such as the special gifts of the Holy Spirit in the N.T. We cannot agree. We believe it involved much more than technical excellence. It was not mere talent that raised Daniel to such exceeding favor with the king. No doubt he had talent, but talent without moral strength counts for little in such a position as Daniel was placed. Moral strength is not an irresistible gift of the Holy Spirit. It is the moral character even more than the brain that determines the man.

This excellent spirit means literally that in Daniel the spirit was predominant, was uppermost, was enthroned. Excellent is something that excels, goes beyond, predominates. We might translate literally, A spirit that excelled was in him. a spirit that jutted out was in him. The spiritual was the chief thingnot the flesh. This excellent spirit was (a) A spirit of self-control; (b) A spirit of genuine pietyto him God was a reality, a living and reliable friend, to whom he could take every difficulty, and on whom he could trust in every danger; (c) A spirit of unshaken faith in God. The man of excellent spirit, in whom spirit excels is (1) a man of purpose; (2) a man of prayer; (3) a man of perception; (4) a man of power. Daniel was all of this. By unswerving faith in God Daniel made use of every circumstance and did not allow circumstances to rule him.
It does not take jealous enemies to find some flaws in all of usbut not even these envious schemers could find fault with Daniel's responsibilities to his pagan ruler! This does not mean, of course, that Daniel was no sinner, but there was no open departure from righteousness and justice which could be brought against him. Daniel was above reproach in honesty, fairness, fidelity, and integrity toward his king.

Daniel's irreproachable integrity is little short of incredible in view of his circumstances! He had come to this land against his will as a prisoner of war; he was requested by a pagan despot to study pagan literature and science and be trained to serve in a pagan court surrounded by luxury, sensuality, lust, self-seeking, idolatry, and ruthless cruelty. In the middle of all this there grew up this fair flower of a character, pure, true, holy, and stainless, by the acknowledgement of enemies, and in which not even accusers could find a fault! There are no circumstances in which a man must have his garments spotted by the world! In fact, unfavorable circumstances are the most favorable for the development of the godly character. Development of godly character comes, not by what we draw from the things around, but by what we draw from the things from above (Colossians 3:1-4).

Daniel 6:5-9. WE SHALL NOT FIND ANY OCCASION AGAINST THIS DANIEL, EXCEPT WE FIND IT AGAINST HIM CONCERNING THE LAW OF HIS GOD. MAKE A STRONG INTERDICT. This is a typical trick of corrupt politicians. If no flaw in a man's social or vocational relationships can be found, the unjust enemy will try to pit the godly man's relationship to God against his relationship to necessary secular loyalties. The enemies of God attempted the same trick against the Son of God but He defeated it in much the same way as Danielrender unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's and unto God the things that are God'S.

It should not seem unusual even to twentieth century minds that pagan societies would deify their rulers. Adolph Hitler was practically defied in the office of Fuehrer. Lenin has been practically deified by the Russian communists. The kings of Egypt were worshipped as gods as far back as recorded history can determine. The envious presidents, satraps, and other officials were not suggesting anything unusual to king Darius. Even Herod (Acts 12) revealed in the foolishness of the Jews calling him a god!

They had heard of Daniel's religious practices and observed how faithful he was to them. They were convinced that Daniel would not compromise his religious convictions even at the threat of his life. Thus their scheme is presented to the kingits purpose hidden from him.
It was common for the Babylonians to administer capital punishment by burning (the fiery furnace). To the Persians, who were worshippers of fire, this was regarded as something of an abomination, and so they destroyed their condemned criminals by casting them to savage beasts.

Nevertheless Daniel Prayed

Darius yielded to the subtle flattery of thinking of himself as being prayed to as a god. Prayer had a very significant place in Persian religion. It was the chief factor in their worship. A great part of the holy writings (the Zend-Avesta, etc.) contains only formulas of prayer and a certain type of litanies. Prayer is regarded as irresistible, as operating with a certain magic power. To omit prayer would mean the collapse of the world. One can readily see why Daniel's enemies centered their attention on prayer.

It is a logical deduction that if the Persian king is a god or an earthly representative of a god, then his decrees ought to be irrevocable (cf. Esther 1:19; Esther 8:8). Diodorus Siculus, ancient historian, reports a case where Darius III (335 B.C.) passed sentence of death upon a certain Charidemos, but immediately he repented and blamed himself, as having greatly erred; but it was not possible to undo what was done by royal authority. These jealous politicians had taken this custom into account and were banking on it to help them achieve their purpose when the king should later discover their trick!

QUIZ

1.

Where did the Medes and the Persians originate?

2.

When were the Babylonians and Persians allied and for what purpose?

3.

What did Cyrus II, the Great, do for the Jews in captivity?

4.

Why is Daniel's irreproachable integrity so unique?

5.

What trick did the enemies of Daniel use after no flaw in his job can be found?

6.

How important was prayer in the pagan Persian religion?

b. PERSISTENCE