They are not directly addressed (contrast 6, 13). μετὰ ἡσυχίας, in the homely sphere of work. The three causes of disquiet at Thessalonica are (a) the disturbing effect of persecution, (b) the tension produced by the thought of the advent of Christ, and (c), as an outcome of the latter, irregularity and social disorganisation in the community.

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Old Testament