καὶ κατὰ τόπους : the καὶ thus placed ([172] [173] [174]) dissociates κ. τ. from σεισμοί and connects it with λοιμοὶ καὶ λιμοὶ : not earthquakes, but pestilences and famines here, there, everywhere. λ. καὶ λ., a baleful conjunction common in speech and in fact. φόβητρα, terrifying phenomena, here only in N.T. (in Isaiah 19:17, Sept [175]). The τε connects the φόβητρα with the signs from heaven next mentioned. They are in fact the same thing (ἕν διὰ δυοῖν, Bengel).

[172] Codex Sinaiticus (sæc. iv.), now at St. Petersburg, published in facsimile type by its discoverer, Tischendorf, in 1862.

[173] Codex Vaticanus (sæc. iv.), published in photographic facsimile in 1889 under the care of the Abbate Cozza-Luzi.

[174] Codex Regius--eighth century, represents an ancient text, and is often in agreement with א and B.

[175] Septuagint.

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Old Testament