ROMANS 14:4 ku,rioj {A} Instead of ku,rioj, which is strongly supported by î46 a A B C P Y copsa, bo goth arm eth _al,_ several uncials and many minuscules read qeo,j, the copyists having been influenced by qeo,j in ver. Romans 14:3.... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:5 @ga,r# {C} On the one hand, the external evidence for the absence of ga,r appears to be slightly superior to that attesting its presence. On the other hand, since the word here expresses merely a continuation rather than a causal relationship, copyists who did not appreciate this Pauli... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:6 fronei/ The Textus Receptus, following the later witnesses (C3 L P most minuscules syrp, h arm _al_), adds the clause kai. o` mh. fronw/n th.n h`me,ran kuri,w| ouv fronei/. This is a typical Byzantine gloss, prompted by the desire to provide a balanced statement after the model of the... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:9 avpe,qanen kai. e;zhsen {A} The oldest and best attested reading appears to be avpe,qanen kai. e;zhsen (a* A B C 1739 2127 copsa, bo arm eth _al_). Influenced perhaps by 1 Thessalonians 4:14 (VIhsou/j avpe,qanen kai. avne,sth) scribes sought to define more precisely the meaning of e;zh... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:10 qeou/ {B} At an early date (Marcion Polycarp Tertullian Origen) the reading qeou/, which is supported by the best witnesses (a* A B C* D G 1739 _al_), was supplanted by Cristou/, probably because of influence from 2 Corinthians 5:10 (e;mprosqen tou/ bh,matoj tou/ Cristou/).... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:12 @tw|/ qew|/# {C} On the one hand, the combination of such witnesses as a A C D 33 81 614 and most versional testimony makes it difficult to reject the reading tw|/ qew|/. On the other hand, however, it is easy to understand why, if the words were originally absent from the text, copyi... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:19 diw,kwmen {D} The question whether in this verse Paul describes the Christian ideal (the indicative diw,komen continuing the statements made in verses Romans 14:17 and Romans 14:18), or whether he now begins his exhortation (the subjunctive diw,kwmen leading to kata,lue in ver. Romans... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:21 prosko,ptei {B} The Textus Receptus incorporates a Western expansion, h' skandali,zetai h' avsqenei/, which gained wide circulation (ac B D G Y 0209vid 33 614 _Byz Lect_ vg syrh copsa arm _al_). Other variations in various witnesses suggest that the original text was modified or expan... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:22 @h]n# e;ceij {C} The relative h[n is supported by several excellent Alexandrian witnesses (a A B C) and by a few Old Latin manuscripts (itr, ar). The shorter reading without h[n is current in the great mass of witnesses, including most of the Old Latin manuscripts and all the other ver... [ Continue Reading ]
ROMANS 14:23 evsti,n) {A} A full discussion of the problems of the termination of the Epistle to the Romans involves questions concerning the authenticity and integrity of the last chapter (or of the last two chapters), including the possibility that Paul may have made two copies of the Epistle, o... [ Continue Reading ]