PUTTING AWAY THEREFORE (αποθεμενο ουν). Second aorist middle participle of αποτιθημ, old and common verb, in metaphorical sense either to cleanse defilements (1 Peter 3:21; James 1:21) or to put off clothing (Romans 13:12; Colossians 3:5; Ephesians 4:22). Either sense suits here. Therefore (ουν)... [ Continue Reading ]
AS NEWBORN BABES (ως αρτιγεννητα βρεφη). Βρεφος, old word, originally unborn child (Luke 1:41-44), then infant (Luke 2:12), here figuratively, like νηπιο. Αρτιγεννητα is a late and rare compound (Lucian, imperial inscription) from αρτ and γενναω, with evident allusion to αναγεγεννημενο in 1 Peter... [ Continue Reading ]
IF YE HAVE TASTED (ε εγευσασθε). Condition of first class with ε and first aorist middle indicative of γευω in figurative sense as in Hebrews 6:4. "A taste excites the appetite" (Bengel).GRACIOUS (χρηστος). Quotation from Psalms 34:8. The Hebrew for the LXX χρηστος is simply _tobh_ (good). Plat... [ Continue Reading ]
UNTO WHOM (προς ον). The Lord, carrying on the imagery and language of the Psalm.COMING (προσερχομενο). Present middle participle masculine plural of προσερχομα (προσελθατε in the Psalm) agreeing with the subject of οικοδομεισθε.A LIVING STONE (λιθον ζωντα). Accusative case in apposition with... [ Continue Reading ]
YE ALSO AS LIVING STONES (κα αυτο ως λιθο ζωντες). Peter applies the metaphor about Christ as the living stone to the readers, "ye yourselves also."ARE BUILT UP A SPIRITUAL HOUSE (οικοδομεισθε οικος πνευματικος). Present passive indicative second person plural of οικοδομεω, the very verb used by... [ Continue Reading ]
IT IS CONTAINED (περιεχε). Present active (here intransitive, to contain, only N.T. example) of περιεχω, old verb, to surround, transitive in Luke 5:9 to seize (only other N.T. example). The formula with περιεχε is in Josephus (_Ant_. XI. 7). This Scripture (εν γραφη) is Isaiah 28:16 with some cha... [ Continue Reading ]
THE PRECIOUSNESS (η τιμη). Or "the honour." Explanation of εντιμον and ου μη καταισχυνθη and only true "for you which believe" (τοις πιστευουσιν ethical dative of articular present active participle of πιστευω to believe).BUT FOR SUCH AS DISBELIEVE (απιστουσιν δε). Dative present active partici... [ Continue Reading ]
AND (κα). Peter now quotes Isaiah 8:14 and gives a new turn to the previous quotation. To the disbelieving, Christ was indeed "a stone of stumbling (λιθος προσκομματος) and rock of offence (πετρα σκανδαλου)," quoted also by Paul in Romans 9:32, which see for discussion. Προσκομμα (from προσκοπτω,... [ Continue Reading ]
BUT YE (υμεις δε). In contrast with the disobedient ones.AN ELECT RACE (γενος εκλεκτον). From Isaiah 43:20. The blood relation of the spiritual Israel (not the Jewish race) through the new birth (1 Peter 1:23).A ROYAL PRIESTHOOD (βασιλειον ιερατευμα). From Exodus 19:6 (cf. Revelation 1:6; Reve... [ Continue Reading ]
WHICH IN TIME PAST (ο ποτε). "Who once upon a time."NO PEOPLE (ου λαος). This phrase from Hosea 2:23. Note use of ου (not ουδεις) with λαος like Hebrew negative.WHICH HAD NOT OBTAINED MERCY (ο ουκ ελεημενο). Perfect passive articular participle of ελεεω and the emphatic negative ου, with whic... [ Continue Reading ]
AS SOJOURNERS AND PILGRIMS (ως παροικους κα παρεπιδημους). This combination from the LXX (Genesis 33:4; Psalms 39:13). See 1 Peter 1:1 for παρεπιδημος and 1 Peter 1:17 for παροικια and Ephesians 2:19 for παροικος (only there and here in N.T., Christians whose fatherland is heaven).TO ABSTAIN FROM... [ Continue Reading ]
SEEMLY (καλην). Predicate adjective with αναστροφην, for which see 1 Peter 1:15; 1 Peter 1:18. The Gentiles are on the watch for slips in moral conduct by the Christians.THAT (ινα). Final conjunction with δοξασωσιν (they may glorify, first aorist active subjunctive of δοξαζω, the purpose of the... [ Continue Reading ]
BE SUBJECT TO (υποταγητε). Second aorist passive imperative second person plural of υποτασσω, to subject to, as in 1 Peter 3:22.EVERY ORDINANCE OF MAN (παση ανθρωπινη κτισε). Dative case of old and common word κτισις (from κτιζω, to create, to found), act of creation (Romans 1:20), a creature or... [ Continue Reading ]
UNTO GOVERNORS (ηγεμοσιν). Dative again of ηγεμων, a leader (from ηγεομα, to lead), old and common word (Matthew 10:18).AS SENT BY HIM (ως δι' αυτου πεμπομενοις). Present passive participle of πεμπω. Δι' αυτου is "by God," as Jesus made plain to Pilate; even Pilate received his authority ultima... [ Continue Reading ]
BY WELL-DOING (αγαθοποιουντας). Present active participle of αγαθοποιεω, only in LXX and N.T. (Mark 3:4). In accusative case agreeing with υμας understood, accusative of general reference with φιμοιν, present active infinitive (epexegetic infinitive after το θελημα του θεου, the will of God), lat... [ Continue Reading ]
AS FREE (ως ελευθερο). Note nominative again connected with υποταγητε in verse 1 Peter 2:13, not with φιμοιν in verse 1 Peter 2:14 (a parenthesis in fact). For this ethical sense of ελευθερος see Galatians 4:26.AND NOT USING YOUR FREEDOM (κα μη εχοντες την ελευθεριαν). "And not holding your lib... [ Continue Reading ]
HONOUR ALL MEN (παντας τιμησατε). Not with the same honour. Constative use of the aorist imperative.LOVE THE BROTHERHOOD (την αδελφοτητα αγαπατε). Present active imperative of αγαπαω, keep on doing it. Note the abstract αδελφοτης (from αδελφος, brother) in the collective sense, rare save in ecc... [ Continue Reading ]
SERVANTS (ο οικετα). Note article with the class as with ανδρες (1 Peter 3:7), though not with γυναικες (1 Peter 3:1). Οικετης, old word from οικος (house), means one in the same house with another (Latin _domesticus_), particularly house servants (slaves) in distinction from the general term δουλ... [ Continue Reading ]
FOR THIS IS ACCEPTABLE (τουτο γαρ χαρις). "For this thing (neuter singular τουτο, obedience to crooked masters) is grace" (χαρις is feminine, here "thanks" as in Romans 7:25). "Acceptable" calls for ευπροσδεκτον (1 Peter 2:5), which is not the text here.IF A MAN ENDURETH GRIEFS (ε υοφερε τις λυ... [ Continue Reading ]
FOR WHAT GLORY (ποιον γαρ κλεος). Qualitative interrogative (what kind of glory). "What price glory?" Κλεος is old word from κλεω (καλεω, to call), report, praise, glory, here only in N.T.IF YE SHALL TAKE IT PATIENTLY (ε υπομενειτε). First-class condition with ε and future active indicative of... [ Continue Reading ]
FOR HEREUNTO WERE YE CALLED (εις τουτο γαρ εκληθητε). First aorist indicative of καλεω, to call. They were called to suffer without flinching (Hort), if need be.BECAUSE (οτ). The fact that Christ suffered (επαθεν) lifts their suffering to a new plane.LEAVING YOU AN EXAMPLE (υμιν υπολιμπανων υ... [ Continue Reading ]
WHO DID NO SIN (ος αμαρτιαν ουκ εποιησεν). Quotation from Isaiah 53:9. He has already expressed the sinlessness of Christ in 1 Peter 1:19. The next clause is a combination of Isaiah 53:9; Zephaniah 3:13. For "guile" (δολος) see verse 1 Peter 2:1.WAS FOUND (ευρεθη). First aorist passive indicativ... [ Continue Reading ]
WHEN HE WAS REVILED (λοιδορουμενος). Present passive participle of λοιδορεω, old verb (from λοιδορος, reviler, 1 Corinthians 5:11) as in John 9:28.REVILED NOT AGAIN (ουκ αντελοιδορε). Imperfect active (for repeated incidents) of αντιλοιδορεω, late and rare compound (Plutarch, Lucian, one papyru... [ Continue Reading ]
WHO HIS OWN SELF (ος αυτος). Intensive pronoun with the relative referring to Christ (note relatives also in verses 1 Peter 2:22; 1 Peter 2:23).BARE OUR SINS (ανηνεγκεν τας αμαρτιας ημων). Second aorist active indicative of αναφερω, common verb of bringing sacrifice to the altar. Combination her... [ Continue Reading ]
FOR YE WERE GOING ASTRAY LIKE SHEEP (ητε γαρ ως προβατα πλανωμενο). Brought from Isaiah 53:6, but changed to periphrastic imperfect indicative with ητε and present middle participle of πλαναω, to wander away. Recall the words of Jesus in Luke 15:4-7.BUT ARE NOW RETURNED (αλλα επεστραφητε). Seco... [ Continue Reading ]