SERVANT (δουλος). Precisely as James (James 1:1), only James added κυριου (Lord).BROTHER OF JAMES (αδελφος Ιακωβου). Thus Jude identifies himself. But not the "Judas of James" (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13).TO THEM THAT ARE CALLED (τοισ--κλητοις). But this translation (treating κλητοις as a substantiv... [ Continue Reading ]
BE MULTIPLIED (πληθυνθειη). First aorist passive optative of πληθυνω as in 1 Peter 1:2; 2 Peter 1:2.... [ Continue Reading ]
BELOVED (αγαπητο). As in 3 John 1:2.ALL DILIGENCE (πασαν σπουδην). As in 2 Peter 1:5.OF OUR COMMON SALVATION (περ της κοινης ημων σωτηριας). See this use of κοινος (common to all) in Titus 1:4 with πιστις, while in 2 Peter 1:1 we have ισοτιμον πιστιν, which see.I WAS CONSTRAINED (αναγκην εσ... [ Continue Reading ]
ARE CREPT IN (παρεισεδυησαν). Second aorist passive indicative of παρεισδυω (-νω), late (Hippocrates, Plutarch, etc.) compound of παρα (beside) and εις (in) and δυω to sink or plunge, so to slip in secretly as if by a side door, here only in N.T.SET FORTH (προγεγραμμενο). Perfect passive partic... [ Continue Reading ]
TO PUT YOU IN REMEMBRANCE (υπομνησα). See 2 Peter 1:12 υπομιμνησκειν (present active infinitive there, first aorist active infinitive here).THOUGH YE KNOW ALL THINGS ONCE FOR ALL (ειδοτας απαξ παντα). Concessive perfect (sense of present) active participle as in 2 Peter 1:12, but without καιπερ... [ Continue Reading ]
AND ANGELS (αγγελους δε). The second example in Jude, the fallen angels, accusative case after τετηρηκεν (perfect active indicative of τηρεω, for which verb see 2 Peter 2:4; 2 Peter 2:7) at the end of the verse (two emphatic positions, beginning and end of the clause).KEPT NOT (μη τηρησαντας).... [ Continue Reading ]
EVEN AS (ως). Just "as." The third instance (Jude passes by the deluge) in Jude, the cities of the plain.THE CITIES ABOUT THEM (α περ αυτας πολεις). These were also included, Admah and Zeboiim (Deuteronomy 29:23; Hosea 11:8). Zoar, the other city, was spared.IN LIKE MANNER (τον ομοιον τροπον)... [ Continue Reading ]
YET (μεντο). See John 4:27. In spite of these warnings.IN LIKE MANNER (ομοιως). Like the cities of the plain.THESE ALSO (κα ουτο). The false teachers of verse Jude 1:4.IN THEIR DREAMINGS (ενυπνιαζομενο). Present middle participle of ενυπνιαζω, to dream (from ενυπνιον dream, Acts 2:17, from... [ Continue Reading ]
MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL (ο Μιχαελ ο αρχαγγελος). Michael is mentioned also in Daniel 10:13; Daniel 10:21; Daniel 12:1; Revelation 12:7. Αρχαγγελος in N.T. occurs only here and 1 Thessalonians 4:16, but in Daniel 10:13; Daniel 10:20; Daniel 12:1.CONTENDING WITH THE DEVIL... [ Continue Reading ]
WHATSOEVER THINGS THEY KNOW NOT (οσα ουκ οιδασιν). Here 2 Peter 2:12 has εν οις αγνοουσιν. The rest of the sentence is smoother than 2 Peter 2:12.NATURALLY (φυσικως). Here only in N.T. 2 Peter 2:12 has γεγεννημενα φυσικα. Jude has the article τα with αλογα ζωα and the present passive φθειροντα... [ Continue Reading ]
WOE TO THEM (ουα αυτοις). Interjection with the dative as is common in the Gospels (Matthew 11:21).WENT (επορευθησαν). First aorist passive (deponent) indicative of πορευομα.IN THE WAY OF CAIN (τη οδω του Καιν). Locative case οδω. Cain is Jude's fourth example. Not in II Peter, but in Hebrews... [ Continue Reading ]
HIDDEN ROCKS (σπιλαδες). Old word for rocks in the sea (covered by the water), as in Homer, here only in N.T. 2 Peter 2:13 has σπιλο.LOVE-FEASTS (αγαπαις). Undoubtedly the correct text here, though A C have απαταις as in 2 Peter 2:14. For disorder at the Lord's Supper (and love-feasts?) see 1 C... [ Continue Reading ]
WILD WAVES (κυματα αγρια). Waves (Matthew 8:24, from κυεω, to swell) wild (from αγρος, field, wild honey Matthew 3:4) like untamed animals of the forest or the sea.FOAMING OUT (επαφριζοντα). Late and rare present active participle of επαφριζω, used in Moschus for the foaming waves as here. Cf.... [ Continue Reading ]
AND TO THESE ALSO (δε κα τουτοις). Dative case, for these false teachers as well as for his contemporaries.ENOCH THE SEVENTH FROM ADAM (εβδομος απο Αδαμ Hενωχ). The genealogical order occurs in Genesis 5:4-20, with Enoch as seventh. He is so termed in Enoch 60:8; 93:3.PROPHESIED (επροφητευσεν... [ Continue Reading ]
TO EXECUTE JUDGMENT (ποιησα κρισιν). "To do justice."TO CONVICT (ελεγξα). First aorist (effective) active infinitive like ποιησα before it.UNGODLY (ασεβεις). See verse Jude 1:4 and end of this verse.OF UNGODLINESS (ασεβειας). Old word as in Romans 1:18, plural in Judges 1:18 as in Romans 11... [ Continue Reading ]
MURMURERS (γογγυστα). Late onomatopoetic word for agent, from γογγυζω (Matthew 20:11; 1 Corinthians 10:10) in the LXX (Exodus 16:8; Numbers 11:1; Numbers 11:14-29).COMPLAINERS (μεμψιμοιρο). Rare word (Isocrates, Aristotle, Plutarch) from μεμφομα to complain and μοιρα lot or fate. Here alone in... [ Continue Reading ]
REMEMBER YE (υμεις μνησθητε). First aorist passive (deponent) imperative of μιμνησκω with genitive ρηματων (words). In 2 Peter 3:2 we have the indirect form (infinitive μνησθηνα). The rest as in II Peter, but in simpler and more exact structure and with the absence of των αγιων προφητων (the holy... [ Continue Reading ]
HOW THAT (οτ). Declarative οτ as in verse Jude 1:5. See discussion of 2 Peter 3:3 for differences, no εν εμπαιγμονη here and no των ασεβειων there.... [ Continue Reading ]
THEY WHO MAKE SEPARATIONS (ο αποδιοριζοντες). Present active articular participle of the double compound αποδιοριζω (from απο, δια, οριζω, ορος, boundary, to make a horizon), rare word, in Aristotle for making logical distinctions, here only in N.T. Διοριζω occurs in Leviticus 20:24 and αφοριζω i... [ Continue Reading ]
BUILDING UP (εποικοδομουντες). Present active participle of εποικοδομεω, old compound with metaphor of a house (οικος), common in Paul (1 Corinthians 3:9-17; Colossians 2:7; Ephesians 2:20).ON YOUR MOST HOLY FAITH (τη αγιωτατη υμων πιστε). For the spiritual temple see also 1 Peter 2:3-5. See πισ... [ Continue Reading ]
KEEP YOURSELVES (εαυτους τηρησατε). First aorist active imperative (of urgency) of τηρεω. In verse Jude 1:1 they are said to be kept, but note the warning in verse Jude 1:5 from the angels who did not keep their dominion. See also James 1:27. In Philippians 2:12 both sides (human responsibility a... [ Continue Reading ]
AND ON SOME (κα ους μεν). Demonstrative plural of ος μεν--ος δε (ους δε, below), not the relative ους, but by contrast (μεν, δε). So Matthew 13:8.HAVE MERCY (ελεατε). Present active imperative of ελεαω (rare form in Romans 9:16 also for the usual ελεεω Matthew 9:27). But A C read ελεγχετε, refu... [ Continue Reading ]
AND SOME SAVE (ους δε σωζετε). B omits ους δε.SNATCHING THEM OUT OF THE FIRE (εκ πυρος αρπαζοντες). Present active participle of αρπαζω, old verb, to seize. Quotation from Amos 4:11 and Zechariah 3:3. Cf. Psalms 106:18. Firemen today literally do this rescue work. Do Christians?AND ON SOME HAVE... [ Continue Reading ]
FROM STUMBLING (απταιστους). Verbal from πταιω, to stumble (James 3:2; 2 Peter 1:10), sure-footed as of a horse that does not stumble (Xenophon), and so of a good man (Epictetus, Marcus Antoninus).BEFORE THE PRESENCE OF HIS GLORY (κατενωπιον της δοξης αυτου). Late compound preposition (κατα, εν,... [ Continue Reading ]
TO THE ONLY GOD OUR SAVIOUR (μονω θεω σωτηρ ημων). Dative in the noble doxology. See Romans 16:27, μονω σοφω θεω (to the alone wise God), where also we have δια Ιησου Χριστου, but without του κυριου ημων (our Lord) as here. Σωτηρ is used of God eight times in the N.T., six of them in the Pastoral... [ Continue Reading ]