THE PASSOVER (πασχα) Both names (unleavened bread and passover) are used here as in Mark 14:1. Strictly speaking the passover was Nisan 14 and the unleavened bread 15-21. This is the only place in the N.T. where the expression "the feast of unleavened bread" (common in LXX, Luke 23:15, etc.) occu... [ Continue Reading ]
SOUGHT (εζητουν). Imperfect active of ζητεω, were seeking, conative imperfect.HOW THEY MIGHT PUT HIM TO DEATH (το πως ανελωσιν αυτον). Second aorist active deliberative subjunctive (retained in indirect question) of αναιρεω, to take up, to make away with, to slay. Common in Old Greek. Luke uses... [ Continue Reading ]
SATAN ENTERED INTO JUDAS (εισηλθεν εις Ιουδαν). Ingressive aorist active indicative. Satan was now renewing his attack on Jesus suspended temporarily (Luke 4:13) "until a good chance." He had come back by the use of Simon Peter (Mark 8:33; Matthew 16:23). The conflict went on and Jesus won ultimat... [ Continue Reading ]
WENT AWAY (απελθων). Second aorist active participle of απερχομα. He went off under the impulse of Satan and after the indignation over the rebuke of Jesus at the feast in Simon's house (John 12:4-6).CAPTAINS (στρατηγοις). Leaders of the temple guards (Acts 4:1), the full title, "captains of th... [ Continue Reading ]
WERE GLAD (εχαρησαν). Second aorist passive indicative of χαιρω as in Mark 14:11. Ingressive aorist, a natural exultation that one of the Twelve had offered to do this thing.COVENANTED (συνεθεντο). Second aorist indicative middle of συντιθημ. An old verb to put together and in the middle with o... [ Continue Reading ]
CONSENTED (εξωμολογησεν). Old verb, but the ancients usually used the simple form for promise or consent rather than the compound. This is the only instance of this sense in the N.T. It is from ομολογος (ομος, same, and λεγω, to say), to say the same thing with another and so agree.OPPORTUNITY... [ Continue Reading ]
THE DAY OF UNLEAVENED BREAD CAME (ηλθεν η ημερα των αζυμων). The day itself came, not simply was drawing nigh (verse Luke 22:1).MUST BE SACRIFICED (εδε θυεσθα). This was Nisan 14 which began at sunset. Luke is a Gentile and this fact must be borne in mind. The lamb must be slain by the head of t... [ Continue Reading ]
PETER AND JOHN (Πετρον κα Ιωανην). Mark 14:13 has only "two" while Matthew 26:17 makes the disciples take the initiative. The word passover in this context is used either of the meal, the feast day, the whole period (including the unleavened bread). "Eat the passover" can refer to the meal as her... [ Continue Reading ]
WHERE WILT THOU THAT WE MAKE READY? (Που θελεις ετοιμασωμεν;). Deliberative first aorist active subjunctive without ινα after θελεις, perhaps originally two separate questions.... [ Continue Reading ]
WHEN YOU ARE ENTERED (εισελθοντων υμων). Genitive absolute.MEET YOU (συναντησε υμιν). An old verb συνανταω (from συν, with, and ανταω, to face, αντ) with associative instrumental (υμιν). See on Mark 14:13 about the "man bearing a pitcher of water.... [ Continue Reading ]
GOODMAN OF THE HOUSE (οικοδεσποτη). Master of the house as in Mark 14:14; Matthew 10:25. A late word for the earlier δεσποτης οικου.I SHALL EAT (φαγω). Second aorist futuristic (or deliberative) subjunctive as in Mark 14:14.... [ Continue Reading ]
AND HE (κ'ακεινος). Κα and εκεινος (χρασις) where Mark 14:15 has κα αυτος. Literally, And that one. See on Mark for rest of the verse.... [ Continue Reading ]
HE HAD SAID (ειρηκε). Past perfect active indicative of ειπον where Mark 14:16 has ειπεν (second aorist).... [ Continue Reading ]
SAT DOWN (ανεπεσεν). Reclined, fell back (or up). Second aorist active of αναπιπτω.... [ Continue Reading ]
WITH DESIRE I HAVE DESIRED (επιθυμια επεθυμησα). A Hebraism common in the LXX. Associative instrumental case of substantive and first aorist active indicative of same like a cognate accusative. Peculiar to Luke is all this verse. See this idiom in John 3:29; Acts 4:17.BEFORE I SUFFER (προ του μ... [ Continue Reading ]
UNTIL IT BE FULFILLED (εως οτου πληρωθη). First aorist passive subjunctive of πληροω with εως (οτου), the usual construction about the future. It seems like a Messianic banquet that Jesus has in mind (cf. Luke 14:15).... [ Continue Reading ]
HE RECEIVED A CUP (δεξαμενος ποτηριον). This cup is a diminutive of ποτηρ. It seems that this is still one of the four cups passed during the passover meal, though which one is uncertain. It is apparently just before the formal introduction of the Lord's Supper, though he gave thanks here also (ε... [ Continue Reading ]
THE FRUIT OF THE VINE (του γενηματος της αμπελου). So Mark 14:25; Matthew 26:29 and not οινος though it was wine undoubtedly. But the language allows anything that is "the fruit of the vine."COME (ελθη). Second aorist active subjunctive with εως as in verse Luke 22:16. Here it is the consummati... [ Continue Reading ]
WHICH IS GIVEN FOR YOU (το υπερ υμων διδομενον). Some MSS. omit these verses though probably genuine. The correct text in 1 Corinthians 11:24 has "which is for you," not "which is broken for you." It is curious to find the word "broken" here preserved and justified so often, even by Easton in his... [ Continue Reading ]
AFTER THE SUPPER (μετα το δειπνησα). Preposition μετα and the accusative articular infinitive. The textual situation here is confusing, chiefly because of the two cups (verses Luke 22:17; Luke 22:20). Some of the documents omit the latter part of verse Luke 22:19 and all of verse Luke 22:20. It is... [ Continue Reading ]
THAT BETRAYETH (του παραδιδοντος). Present active participle, actually engaged in doing it. The hand of Judas was resting on the table at the moment. It should be noted that Luke narrates the institution of the Lord's Supper before the exposure of Judas as the traitor while Mark and Matthew rever... [ Continue Reading ]
AS IT HATH BEEN DETERMINED (κατα το ωρισμενον). Perfect passive participle of οριζω, to limit or define, mark off the border, our "horizon." But this fact does not absolve Judas of his guilt as the "woe" here makes plain.... [ Continue Reading ]
WHICH OF THEM IT WAS (το τις αρα ειη εξ αυτων). Note the article το with the indirect question as in verses Luke 22:2; Luke 22:4. The optative ειη here is changed from the present active indicative εστιν, though it was not always done, for see δοκε in verse Luke 22:24 where the present indicative... [ Continue Reading ]
CONTENTION (φιλονεικια). An old word from φιλονεικος, fond of strife, eagerness to contend. Only here in the N.T.GREATEST (μειζων). Common use of the comparative as superlative.... [ Continue Reading ]
HAVE LORDSHIP OVER (κυριευουσιν). From κυριος. Common verb, to lord it over.BENEFACTORS (ευεργετα). From ευ and εργον. Doer of good. Old word. Here only in the N.T. Latin Benefactor is exact equivalent.... [ Continue Reading ]
BECOME (γινεσθω). Present middle imperative of γινομα. Act so. True greatness is in service, not in rank.... [ Continue Reading ]
BUT I (Εγω δε). Jesus dares to cite his own conduct, though their leader, to prove his point and to put a stop to their jealous contention for the chief place at this very feast, a wrangling that kept up till Jesus had to arise and give them the object lesson of humility by washing their feet (Jo... [ Continue Reading ]
IN MY TEMPTATIONS (εν τοις πειρασμοις μου). Probably "trials" is better here as in James 1:2 though temptations clearly in James 1:13. This is the tragedy of the situation when Jesus is facing the Cross with the traitor at the table and the rest chiefly concerned about their own primacy and digni... [ Continue Reading ]
AND I APPOINT UNTO YOU (κ'αγω διατιθημα υμιν). They had on the whole been loyal and so Jesus passes on to them (διαθημα verb from which διαθηκη comes).... [ Continue Reading ]
AND YE SHALL SIT (καθησεσθε). But Westcott and Hort read in the text καθησθε (present middle subjunctive with ινα). The picture seems to be that given in Matthew 19:28 when Jesus replied to Peter's inquiry. It is not clear how literally this imagery is to be taken. But there is the promise of hon... [ Continue Reading ]
ASKED TO HAVE YOU (εξηιτησατο). First aorist indirect middle indicative of εξαιτεω, an old verb to beg something of one and (middle) for oneself. Only here in the N.T. The verb is used either in the good or the bad sense, but it does not mean here "obtained by asking" as margin in Revised Version... [ Continue Reading ]
THAT THY FAITH FAIL NOT (ινα μη εκλιπη ε πιστις μου). Second aorist active subjunctive of purpose with ινα after εδεηθην ( I PRAYED ) of εκλειπω, old verb. Our word _eclipse_ is this word. Evidently Jesus could not keep Satan from attacking Peter. He had already captured Judas. Did he not repeate... [ Continue Reading ]
TO PRISON AND TO DEATH (εις φυλακην κα εις θανατον). Evidently Peter was not flattered by the need of Christ's earnest prayers for his welfare and loyalty. Hence this loud boast.... [ Continue Reading ]
UNTIL THOU SHALT THRICE DENY THAT THOU KNOWEST ME (εως τρις με απαρνηση ειδενα). "Thrice" is in all four Gospels here for they all give this warning to Peter (Mark 14:30; Matthew 26:34; Luke 22:34; John 18:38). Peter will even deny knowing Jesus (ειδενα).... [ Continue Reading ]
WITHOUT PURSE (ατερ βαλλαντιου). Money bag or purse. Old word, but in the N.T. only in Luke (Luke 10:4; Luke 12:33; Luke 22:35).WALLET (πηρας). See on Matthew 10:10.LACKED YE ANYTHING (μη τινος υστερησατε;). Answer No expected (ουθενος below). Ablative case after υστερεω.... [ Continue Reading ]
BUY A SWORD (αγορασατω μαχαιραν). This is for defence clearly. The reference is to the special mission in Galilee (Luke 9:1-6; Mark 6:6-13; Matthew 9:35-11). They are to expect persecution and bitter hostility (John 15:18-21). Jesus does not mean that his disciples are to repel force by force, bu... [ Continue Reading ]
LORD, BEHOLD, HERE ARE TWO SWORDS (κυριε ιδου μαχαιρα ωδε δυο). They took his words literally. And before this very night is over Peter will use one of these very swords to try to cut off the head of Malchus only to be sternly rebuked by Jesus (Mark 14:47; Matthew 26:51; Luke 22:50; John 18:10). T... [ Continue Reading ]
AS HIS CUSTOM WAS (κατα το εθος). According to the custom (of him). It was because Judas knew the habit of Jesus of going to Gethsemane at night that he undertook to betray him without waiting for the crowd to go home after the feast.... [ Continue Reading ]
AT THE PLACE (επ του τοπου). The place of secret prayer which was dear to Jesus.PRAY THAT YE ENTER NOT INTO TEMPTATION (προσευχεσθε μη εισελθειν εις πειρασμον). "Keep on praying not to enter (ingressive aorist infinitive, not even once) into temptation." It is real "temptation" here, not just ... [ Continue Reading ]
ABOUT A STONE'S THROW (ωσε λιθου βολην). Accusative of extent of space. Luke does not tell of leaving eight disciples by the entrance to Gethsemane nor about taking Peter, James, and John further in with him.KNEELED DOWN (θεις τα γονατα). Second aorist active participle from τιθημ. Mark 14:35 s... [ Continue Reading ]
IF THOU BE WILLING (ε βουλε). This condition is in the first petition at the start.BE DONE (γινεσθω). Present middle imperative, keep on being done, the Father's will.... [ Continue Reading ]
AN ANGEL (αγγελος). The angels visited Jesus at the close of the three temptations at the beginning of his ministry (Matthew 4:11). Here the angel comes during the conflict.... [ Continue Reading ]
IN AN AGONY (εν αγωνια). It was conflict, contest from αγων. An old word, but only here in the N.T. Satan pressed Jesus harder than ever before.AS IT WERE GREAT DROPS OF BLOOD (ωσε θρομβο αιματος). Thick, clotted blood. An old word (θρομβο) common in medical works, but here only in the N.T. Thi... [ Continue Reading ]
SLEEPING FOR SORROW (κοιμωμενους απο της λυπης). Luke does not tell of the three turnings of Jesus to the trusted three for human sympathy.... [ Continue Reading ]
WHY SLEEP YE? (Τ καθευδετε;). This reproach Luke gives, but not the almost bitter details in Mark 14:37-42; Matthew 26:40-46).... [ Continue Reading ]
WENT BEFORE THEM (προηρχετο). Imperfect middle. Judas was leading the band for he knew the place well (John 18:2).... [ Continue Reading ]
WITH A KISS (φιληματ). Instrumental case. Jesus challenges the act of Judas openly and calls it betrayal, but it did not stop him.... [ Continue Reading ]
WHAT WOULD FOLLOW (το εσομενον). Article and the future middle participle of ειμ, to be.SHALL WE SMITE WITH A SWORD? (ε παταξομεν εν μαχαιρηι;). Note ε in a direct question like the Hebrew. Luke alone gives this question. Instrumental use of εν. They had the two swords already mentioned (Luke 2... [ Continue Reading ]
HIS RIGHT EAR (το ους αυτου το δεξιον). Mark 14:47; Matthew 26:51 do not mention "right," but Luke the Physician does. John 18:10 follows Luke in this item and also adds the names of Peter and of Malchus since probably both were dead by that time and Peter would not be involved in trouble.... [ Continue Reading ]
SUFFER US THUS FAR (εατε εως τουτου). Present active imperative of εαω, to allow. But the meaning is not clear. If addressed to Peter and the other disciples it means that they are to suffer this much of violence against Jesus. This is probably the idea. If it is addressed to the crowd, it means... [ Continue Reading ]
AS AGAINST A ROBBER? (ως επ ληιστην;). They were treating Jesus as if he were a bandit like Barabbas.... [ Continue Reading ]
BUT THIS IS YOUR HOUR (αλλ' αυτη εστιν υμων η ωρα). So Jesus surrenders. The moral value of his atoning sacrifice on the Cross consists in the voluntariness of his death. He makes it clear that they have taken undue advantage of him in this hour of secret prayer and had failed to seize him in pub... [ Continue Reading ]
INTO THE HIGH PRIEST'S HOUSE (εις την οικιαν του αρχιερεως). Luke alone mentions "the house." Though it is implied in Mark 14:53; Matthew 26:57.FOLLOWED (ηκολουθε). Imperfect, was following, as Matthew 26:58; John 18:15. Curiously Mark 14:54 has the aorist.... [ Continue Reading ]
WHEN THEY HAD KINDLED A FIRE (περιαψαντων πυρ). Genitive absolute, first aorist active participle of περιαπτω, an old verb, but here only in the N.T. Kindle around, make a good fire that blazes all over. It was April and cool at night. The servants made the fire.AND HAD SAT DOWN TOGETHER (κα συ... [ Continue Reading ]
IN THE LIGHT (προς το φως). Facing (προς) the light, for the fire gave light as well as heat. Mark 14:65 has "warming himself in the light," John (John 18:18; John 18:25) "warming himself."LOOKING STEADFASTLY (ατενισασα). Favourite word in Luke (Luke 4:20, etc.) for gazing steadily at one.THIS... [ Continue Reading ]
I KNOW HIM NOT (ουκ οιδα αυτον). Just as Jesus had predicted that he would do (Luke 22:34).... [ Continue Reading ]
AFTER A LITTLE WHILE ANOTHER (μετα βραχυ ετερος). Matthew 26:71 makes it after Peter had gone out into the porch and mentions a maid as speaking as does Mark 14:69, while here the "other" (ετερος) is a man (masculine gender). It is almost impossible to co-ordinate the three denials in the four ac... [ Continue Reading ]
AFTER THE SPACE OF ABOUT ONE HOUR (διαστασης ωσε ωρας μιας). Genitive absolute with second aorist active participle feminine singular of διιστημ. This classical verb in the N.T. is used only by Luke (Luke 22:59; Luke 24:51; Acts 27:28). It means standing in two or apart, about an hour intervening... [ Continue Reading ]
I KNOW NOT WHAT THOU SAYEST (ουκ οιδα ο λεγεις). Each denial tangles Peter more and more.WHILE HE YET SPAKE (ετ λαλουντος αυτου). Genitive absolute. Peter could hear the crowing all right.... [ Continue Reading ]
THE LORD TURNED (στραφεις ο κυριος). Second aorist passive participle of στρεφω, coming verb. Graphic picture drawn by Luke alone.LOOKED UPON PETER (ενεβλεψεν τω Πετρω). Ingressive aorist active indicative of ενβλεπω, an old and vivid verb, to glance at.REMEMBERED (υπεμνησθη). First aorist pa... [ Continue Reading ]
AND HE WENT OUT AND WEPT BITTERLY (κα εξελθων εξω εκλαυσεν πικρως). A few old Latin documents omit this verse which is genuine in Matthew 26:75. It may be an insertion here from there, but the evidence for the rejection is too slight. It is the ingressive aorist (εκλαυσεν), he burst into tears. ... [ Continue Reading ]
THAT HELD (ο συνεχοντες). See on Luke 8:45; Luke 19:43 for this verb συνεχω. Here alone in the N.T. for holding a prisoner (holding together). The servants or soldiers, not the Sanhedrin.MOCKED (ενεπαιζον). Imperfect active, were mocking, inchoative, began to mock, to play like boys.AND BEAT HI... [ Continue Reading ]
BLINDFOLDED (περικαλυψαντες). First aorist active participle of περικαλυπτω, old verb, to put a veil around. In the N.T. only here and Mark 14:65. See Mark 14:65; Matthew 26:67 for further discussion.... [ Continue Reading ]
MANY OTHER THINGS (ετερα πολλα). These are just samples.... [ Continue Reading ]
AS SOON AS IT WAS DAY (ως εγενετο ημερα). Mark 15:1 (Matthew 27:1) has "morning."THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLE (το πρεσβυτεριον του λαου). The technical word for "the eldership" (from πρεσβυτερος, an old man or elder) or group of the elders composing the Sanhedrin. The word occurs in the LXX for th... [ Continue Reading ]
IF THOU ART THE CHRIST (Ε συ ε ο Χριστος). The Messiah, they mean. The condition is the first class, assuming it to be true.IF I TELL YOU (Εαν υμιν ειπω). Condition of the third class, undetermined, but with likelihood of being determined. This is the second appearance of Jesus before the Sanhe... [ Continue Reading ]
THE SON OF MAN (ο υιος του ανθρωπου). Jesus really answers their demand about "the Messiah" by asserting that he is "the Son of man" and they so understand him. He makes claims of equality with God also which they take up.... [ Continue Reading ]
ART THOU THE SON OF GOD? (Συ ουν ε ο υιος του θεου;). Note how these three epithets are used as practical equivalents. They ask about "the Messiah." Jesus affirms that he is the Son of Man and will sit at the right hand of the power of God. They take this to be a claim to be the Son of God (both... [ Continue Reading ]
FOR WE OURSELVES HAVE HEARD (αυτο γαρ ηκουσαμεν). They were right if Jesus is not what he claimed to be. They were eternally wrong for he is the Christ, the Son of man, the Son of God. They made their choice and must face Christ as Judge.... [ Continue Reading ]