Romans 3:23. For all sinned; this is the historical fact, they became sinners. For this reason there is no distinction. ‘Have sinned,' is not altogether objectionable, since it implies a relation to what precedes.

Fall short. As the result of their having become sinners.

Glory of G od. This is variously explained as, glory before God, glory like God (in His image, showing His glory), glory from God. The last is preferable; His approval is meant (although it is true this glory from Him alone can stand before Him), since the next verse closely joins the thought of justification. Civilization, refinement, intelligence, and external morality, have not made these words less universal in their application.

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Old Testament