Judge, sceptre-holder (Amos 1:5), king (Amos 1:15), are all practically identical in meaning.

4, 5. The surrounding nations are charged with violations of the law written in the heart, Judah with offences against a law set forth in positive commandments. Their lies] the unreal, imaginary deities, the Baalim and Ashtaroth, who have no existence save in the mind of the worshipper, and therefore are sure to disappoint his hopes.

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