The loosing of the shoe and handing it over signified an act of transfer or renunciation. In this case it was a mark of discredit: cp. Ruth 2:7; Ruth 2:8. A Bedouin formula of divorce is 'She was my slipper and I have cast her off.'

13-16. Ancient weights were pieces of stone or metal which the merchant kept in a bag. An unscrupulous merchant might have two sets of weights in his bag, a heavier for buying and a lighter for selling: see Micah 6:11; Proverbs 16:11, and cp. Leviticus 19:35; Leviticus 19:36.

17-19. See Exodus 17:8, and for the fulfilment of the injunction 1 Samuel 14:48; 1 Samuel 15; 1 Samuel 15; 1 Samuel 27:8; 1 Samuel 27:9.

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