Vanities] i.e. false gods: see e.g. Isaiah 41:29; Isaiah 44:10; Jeremiah 8:19; Jeremiah 10:15; 1 Corinthians 8:4; Not a people] i.e. most probably an undisciplined horde of barbarians, whom God will permit to gain the mastery over Israel. In Romans 10:19 this passage is applied to the Gentiles, whose acceptance of the gospel will have the effect of provoking the jealousy of the chosen people and moving them ultimately to follow their example.

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