1-22. Jeremiah speaks of the restoration first of Israel (Ephraim, Jeremiah 31:2), then of Judah (Jeremiah 31:23.). Those who survive the sufferings of the captivity are promised a safe journey home. The words, 'found grace in the wilderness' (Jeremiah 31:2) are probably an allusion to the journey from Egypt under Moses, which was thus a prophecy to the captive Israelites of the return from Assyria.

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