Circumcision] i.e. Jews. Uncircumcision] i.e. Gentiles.

By.. through] The Judaistic Christians seem to have held that they were justified on account of ('by') circumcision and obedience to the Law, if they had faith ('through faith'); but that Gentiles were justified on account of ('by') faith, if, in addition, they were circumcised and obeyed the Law ('through law'). St. Paul rejoins that justification depends on faith alone; Jew and Gentile alike are justified both 'by' and 'through' faith: cp. Romans 3:28; Galatians 2:16.

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