Ye have both learned, and received. — The reference is here to St. Paul’s teaching, which he “delivered” to them (see 1 Corinthians 15:1; Galatians 1:12) as a message, “received” by revelation of God, and which they “received” accordingly.

Heard, and seen in me. — Here the reference is to his example, as subsidiary to his teaching and confirmatory of its truth.

The God of peace. — The inversion (compared with Philippians 4:7) is striking. To have the “peace of God” with us is much; to have “the God of Peace” Himself with us is more. With this promise the Letter itself ends. What follows is but postscript.

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