Preface
IT is now many years ago since I entered upon a study of the Epistles of St. John, as serious and prolonged as was consistent with the often distracting cares of an Irish Bishop. Such fruit as my labours produced enjoyed the advantage of appearing in the last volume of the Speaker's Commentary in 1881.
Since that period I have frequently turned again to these Epistles - subsequent reflection or study not seldom filling in gaps in my knowledge, or leading me to modify former interpretations. When invited last year to resume my old work, I therefore embraced willingly the opportunity which was presented to me. Let me briefly state the method pursued in this book.
I. The First Part contains four Discourses.
(1) In the first Discourse I have tried to place the reader in the historical surroundings from which (unless all early Church history is unreal, a past that never was present) these Epistles emanated.
(2) In the second Discourse I compare the Epistle with the Gospel. This is the true point of orientation for the commentator. Call the connection between the two documents what we may; be the Epistle the Hieronymian interpretation precisely as it stood, not preface, appendix, moral and devotional commentary, or accompanying encyclical address to the Churches, which were "the nurslings of John"; that connection is constant and pervasive. Unless this principle is firmly grasped, we not only lose a defence and confirmation of the Gospel, but dissolve the whole consistency of the Epistle, and leave it floating - the thinnest cloud in the whole cloudland of mystic idealism.
(3) The third Discourse deals with the polemical element in these Epistles. Some commentators indeed, like the excellent Henry Hammond, "spy out Gnostics where there are none." They confuse us with uncouth names, and conjure up the ghosts of long-forgotten errors until we seem to hear a theological bedlam, or to see theological scarecrows. Yet Gnosticism, Doketism, Cerinthianism, certainly sprang from the teeming soil of Ephesian thought; and without a recognition of this fact, we shall never understand the Epistle. Undoubtedly, if the Apostle had addressed himself only to contemporary error, his great Epistle would have become completely obsolete for us. To subsequent ages an antiquated polemical treatise is like a fossil scorpion with a sting of stone. But a divinely taught polemic under transitory forms of error finds principles as lasting as human nature.
(4) The object of the fourth Discourse is to bring out the image of St, John's soul- the essentials of the spiritual life to be found in those precious Chapter s which still continue to be an element of the life of the Church.
Such a view, if at all accurate, will enable the reader to contemplate the whole of the Epistle with the sense of completeness, of remoteness, and of unity which arises from a general survey apart from particular difficulties. An ancient legend insisted that St. John exercised miraculous power in blending again into one the broken pieces of a precious stone. We may try in an humble way to bring these fragmentary particles of spiritual gem-dust together, and fuse them into one.
II. The plan pursued in the second part is this. The First Epistle (of which only I need now speak) is divided into ten sections.
The sections are thus arranged -
(1) The text is given in Greek. In this matter I make no pretence to original research; and have simply adopted Tischendorf's text, with occasional amendments from Dr. Scrivener or Prof. Westcott. At one time I might have been tempted to follow Lachmann; but experience taught me that he is " audacior quam limatior," and I held my hand. The advantage to every studious reader of having the divine original close by him for comparison is too obvious to need a word more.
With the Greek I have placed in parallel columns the translations most useful for ordinary readers - the Latin, the English A.V. and R.V. The Latin text is that of the " Codex Amiatinus," after Tischendorf's splendid edition of 1854. In this the reader will find, more than a hundred and twenty years after the death of St. Jerome, an interpretation more diligent and more accurate than that which is supplied by the ordinary Vulgate text. The saint felt "the peril of presuming to judge others where he himself would be judged by all; of changing the tongue of the old, and carrying back a world which was growing hoary to the initial essay of infancy." The Latin is of that form to which ancient Latin Church writers gave the name of "rusticitas." But it is a happy - I had almost said a divine - rusticity. In translating from the Hebrew of the Old Testament, St. Jerome has given a new life, a strange tenderness or awful cadence, to prophets and psalmists. The voice of the fields is the voice of Heaven also. The tongue of the people is for once the tongue of God. This Hebraistic Latin or Latinised Hebrew forms the strongest link in that mysterious yet most real spell wherewith the Latin of the Church enthrals the soul of the world. But to return to our immediate subject. The student can seldom go wrong by more than a hair's breadth when he has before him three such translations. In the first column stands St. Jerome's vigorous Latin. The second contains the English A.V., of which each clause seems to be guarded by the spirits of the holy dead, as well as by the love of the living Church; and to tell the innovator that he "does wrong to show it violence, being so majestical." The third column offers to view the scholar-like-- if sometimes just a little pedantic and provoking- accuracy of the R.V. To this comparison of versions I attach much significance. Every translation is an additional commentary, every good translation the best of commentaries.
I have ventured with much hesitation to add upon another column in each section a translation drawn up by myself for my own private use; the greater portion of which was made a year or two before the publication of the R.V. Its right to be here is this, that it affords the best key to my meaning in any place where the exposition may be imperfectly expressed.1
(2) One or more Discourses are attached to most of the sections. In these I may have seemed sometimes to have given myself a wide scope, but I have tried to make a sound and careful exegesis the basis of each. And I have throughout considered myself bound to draw out some great leading idea of St. John with conscientious care.
(3) The Discourses (or if there be no Discourse in the section, the text and versions) are followed by short notes, chiefly exegetical, in which I have not willingly passed by any real difficulty.
I have not wished to cumber my pages with constant quotations. But in former years I have read, in some cases with much care, the following commentators - St. Augustine's Tractatiis, St. John Chrysostom's Homilies on the Gospel (full of hints upon the Epistles), Cornelius a Lapide; of older post-Reformation commentators, the excellent Henry Hammond, the eloquent Dean Hardy, the precious fragments in Pole's Synopsis - above all, the inimitable Bengel; of moderns, Diisterdieck, Huther, Ebrard, Neander; more recently. Professor Westcott, whose subtle and exquisite scholarship deserves the gratitude of every student of St. John. Of Haupt I know nothing, with the exception of an analysis of the Epistle, which is stamped with the highest praise of so refined and competent a judge as Archdeacon Farrar. But having read this list fairly in past years, I am now content to have before me nothing but a Greek Testament, the Grammars of Winer and Donaldson, the New Testament lexicons of Bretschneider, Grimm, and Mintert, with Tromm's "Concordantia LXX." For, on the whole, I really prefer St. John to his commentators. And I hope I am not ungrateful for help which I have received from them, when I say that I now seem to myself to understand him better without the dissonance of their many voices. " Johannem nisi ex Johanne ipso non intellexeris. "
III. It only remains to commend this book, such as it is, not only to theological students, but to general readers, who I hope will not be alarmed by a few Greek words here and there.
I began my fuller study of St. John's Epistle in the noonday of life; I am closing it with the sunset in my eyes. I pray God to sanctify this poor attempt to the edification of souls, and the good of the Church. And I ask all who may find it useful, to offer their intercessions for a blessing upon the book, and upon its author.
WILLIAM DERRY AND RAPHOE
The Palace, Londonderry
February 6th, 1889
Merciful God, we beseech Thee to cast Thy bright beams of light upon Thy Church, that it being enlightened by the doctrine of Thy blessed Apostle and Evangelist St. John, may so walk in the light of Thy truth, that it may at length attain to the light of everlasting life, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
1. I venture to call attention to the rendering " very." It enables the translator to mark the important distinction between two words: άληθήζ, factually true and real, as opposed to that which in point of fact is mendacious; άγηθινός, ideally true and real, that which alone realizes the idea imperfectly expressed by something else. This is one of St. John's favourite words. In regard to άγάpη I have not had the courage of my convictions. The word ''charity" seems to me almost providentially preserved for the rendering of that term. It is not without a purpose that ξρωζ is so rigorously excluded from the New Testament. The objection that " charity " conveys to ordinary English people the notion of mere material alms is of little weight. If "charity" is sometimes a little metallic, is not "love" sometimes a little maundering? I agree with Canon Evans that the word, strictly speaking, should be always translated "charity" when alone, "love" when in regimen. Yet I have not been bold enough to put "God is charity" for "God is love."
Part 2
SOME GENERAL RULES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE FIRST EPISTLE OF ST. JOHN
1. SUBJECT MATTER
(1) THE Epistle is to be read through with constant reference to the Gospel. In what precise form the former is related to the latter (whether as a preface or as an appendix, as a spiritual commentary or an encyclical) critics may decide. But there is a vital and constant connection. The two documents not only touch each other in thought, but interpenetrate each other; and the Epistle is constantly suggesting questions which the Gospel only can answer, e.g., 1Jn 1:1, cf. John 1:1 1 John 5:9, "witness of men," cf. John 1:15; John 1:41; John 1:45; John 1:49; John 3:2; John 3:27; John 4:29; John 6:68; John 7:46; John 9:38; John 11:27; John 18:38; John 19:5; John 20:28.
(2) Such eloquence of style as St. John possesses is real rather than verbal. The interpreter must look not only at the words themselves, but at that which precedes and follows; above all he must fix his attention not only upon the verbal expression of the thought, but upon the thought itself. For the formal connecting link is not rarely omitted, and must be supplied by the devout and candid diligence of the reader. The "root below the stream" can only be traced by our bending over the water until it becomes translucent to us. 1 John 1:7, "the root below the stream" is a question of this kind, which naturally arises from reading 1 John 1:6 -"Must it be said that the sons of light need a constant cleansing by the blood of Jesus, which implies a constant guilt"? Some such thought is the latent root of connection. The answer is supplied by the following verse. ["It is so" for] "if we say that we have no sin," etc. Cf. also John 3:16; John 14:8; John 5:3 (ad. fin.), 4.
2. LANGUAGE
1. Tenses.
In the New Testament generally tenses are employed very much in the same sense, and with the same general accuracy, as in other Greek authors. The so called enallage temporum, or perpetual and convenient Hebraism, has been proved by the greatest Hebrew scholars to be no Hebraism at all. But it is one of the simple secrets of St. John's quiet: thoughtful power, that he uses tenses with the most rigorous precision.
(a) The Present of continuing, uninterrupted action, e.g., 1 John 1:8; 1 John 2:6; 1 John 3:7.
Hence the so called substantised participle with article has in St. John the sense of the continuous and constitutive temper and conduct of any man, the principle of his moral and spiritual life-e.g., ο λεγων, he who is ever vaunting, 1 John 2:4; πας ο μισων, everyone the abiding principle of whose life is hatred, 1 John 3:15; πας ο αγαπων, everyone the abiding principle of whose life is love, 1 John 4:7. The Infinitive Present is generally used to express an action now in course of performing or continued in itself or in its results, or frequently repeated-e.g., 1 John 2:6; 1 John 3:8; 1 John 5:18 (Winer, "Gr. of N.T. Diction," Part 3, 44:348).
(b) The Aorist.
This tense is generally used either of a thing occurring only once, which does not admit, or at least does not require, the notion of continuance and perpetuity; or of something which is brief and, as it were, only momentary in duration (Stallbaum, "Plat. Enthyd.," p. 140). This limitation or isolation of the predicated action is most accurately indicated by the usual form of this tense in Greek. The aorist verb is encased between the augment e, past time, and the adjunct s, future time, i.e., the act is fixed off within certain limits of previous and consequent time (Donaldson, "Gr. Gr.," 427, B. 2). The aorist is used with most significant accuracy in the Epistle of St. John, 1 John 2:6; 1 John 2:11; 1 John 2:27; 1 John 4:10; 1 John 5:18.
(c) The Perfect.
The Perfect denotes action absolutely past which lasts on in its effects. "The idea of completeness conveyed by the aorist must be distinguished from that of a state consequent on an act, which is the meaning of the perfect" (Donaldson, "Gr. Gr.," 419). Careful observation of this principle is the key to some of the chief difficulties of the Epistle. 1 John 3:9; 1 John 5:4; 1 John 5:18
(2) The form of accessional parallelism is to be carefully noticed. The second member is always in advance of the first; and a third is occasionally introduced in advance of the second, denoting the highest point to which the thought is thrown up by the tide of thought, e.g., 1 John 2:4; 1 John 5:11.
(3) The preparatory touch upon the chord which announces a theme to be amplified afterwards, -e.g., 1 John 2:29; 1 John 3:9; 1 John 4:1; 1 John 5:3; 1 John 2:20; 1 John 3:24; 1 John 4:3; 1 John 5:6; 1 John 5:8; 1 John 2:13; 1 John 4:4; 1 John 5:1; 1 John 5:5.
(4) One secret of St. John's simple and solemn rhetoric consists in an impressive change in the order in which a leading word is used, e.g., John 2:24; John 4:20.
These principles carefully applied will be the best commentary upon the letter of the Apostle, to whom not only when his subject is-
" De Deo Deum verum Alpha et Omega, Patrem rerum ";
but when he unfolds the principles of our spiritual life, we may apply Adam of St. Victor's powerful and untranslatable line,
" Solers scribit idiota."