Amos 5:26

But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch,.... The god of the Ammonites; Amos 1:13; and

Jeremiah 7:31; called theirs, because they also worshipped it, and caused their seed to pass through the fire to it; and which was carried by them in a shrine, or portable tent or chapel. Or it may be rendered, "but ye have borne Siccuth your king" p; and so Siccuth may be taken for the name of an idol, as it is by Jarchi, Kimchi, and Ben Melech, to whom they gave the title of king, as another idol went by the name of the queen of heaven; perhaps by one was meant the sun, and by the other the moon;

and Chiun, your images; Moloch or Siccuth was one, and Chiun another image, or rather the same; and this the same with Chevan, which in the Arabic and Persic languages is the name of Saturn, as Aben Ezra and Kimchi say; and is so rendered by Montanus here; and who in the Egyptian tongue was called Revan, or Rephan, or Remphan; as by the Septuagint here, and in Acts 7:43;

the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves; or the star "your god" q; meaning the same with Chiun or Saturn; perhaps the same with the star that fell from the air or sky, mentioned by Sanchoniatho r; which Astarte, the wife of Chronus or Saturn, is said to take and consecrate in Tyre; this they made for themselves, and worshipped as a deity. The Targum is,

"ye have borne the tabernacle of your priests, Chiun your image, the star your God, which ye have made to yourselves.''

Various are the senses put upon the word Chiun. Some read it Cavan, and take it to signify a "cake"; in which sense the word is used in Jeremiah 7:18; and render it, "the cake of your images" s; and supposing that it had the image of their gods impressed upon it. Calmet interprets it "the pedestal of your images" t; and indeed the word has the signification of a basis, and is so rendered by some u; and is applicable to Moloch their king, a king being the basis and foundation of the kingdom and people; and to the sun, intended by that deity, which is the basis of the celestial bodies, and of all things on earth. Some take Moloch and Chiun to be distinct deities, the one to be the sun, the other the moon; but they seem rather to be the same, and both to be the Egyptian ox, and the calf of the Israelites in the wilderness, the image of which was carried in portable tents or tabernacles, in chests or shrines; such as the Succothbenoth, or tabernacles of Venus, 2 Kings 17:30; and those of Diana's, Acts 19:24; the first of these portable temples we read of, is one drawn by oxen in Phoenicia, mentioned by Sanchoniatho w; not that the Israelites carried such a tent or tabernacle during their travels through the wilderness, whatever they might do the few days they worshipped the calf; but this is to be understood of their posterity in later times, in the times of Amos; and also when Shalmaneser carried them captive beyond Damascus, as follows. It may be further observed, for the confirmation and illustration of what has been said concerning Chiun, that the Egyptian Anubis, which Plutarch x says is the same with Saturn, is called by him Kyon, which seems to be no other than this word Chiun: and whereas Stephen calls it Rephan, this is not a corruption of the word, reading Rephan or Revan for Chevan; nor has he respect to Rimmon, the god of the Syrians, but it is the Egyptian name for Saturn; which the Septuagint interpreters might choose to make use of, they interpreting for the king of Egypt: and Diodorus Siculus y makes mention of an Egyptian king called Remphis, whom Braunius z takes to be this very Chiun; see Acts 7:43; but Rephas, or Rephan, was the same with Chronus, or Saturn, from whence came the Rephaim a, who dwelt in Ashtaroth Karnaim, a town of Ham or Chronus; see Genesis 14:5. Some b, who take Siccuth for an idol, render it in the future, "ye shall carry", c. and take it to be a prediction of Amos, that the Israelites should, with great reproach and ignominy, be obliged by the Assyrians, as they were led captive, to carry on their shoulders the idols they had worshipped, and in vain had trusted in, as used to be done in triumphs Amos 1:15.

p סכות מלככם "Siccuth regem vestrum", Munster, Montanus, Vatablus, Calvin, Mercerus. q כוכב אלהיכם "sidus deum vestrum", Liveleus; "sidus, [vel] stellam deos vestros", Calvin. r Apud Euseb. Praepar. Evangel. l. 1. p. 38. s כיון צלמיכם "placentam imagiuum vestrarum", Pagninus, Tigurine version, Vatablus. t Dictionary, in the word "Chiun". u "Basim imaginum vestrarum", Junius Tremellius, Piscator "statumen", Burkius. w Apud Euseb. Praepar. Evangel. l. 1. p. 35. x De Iside. y Bibliothec. l. 1. p. 56. z Selecta Sacra. l. 4. c. 9. sect. 132. p. 435. a Vid. Cumberland's Sanchoniatho, p. 120. b Vid. Scholia Quinquarborei in loc. So Jarchi and Lyra.